Near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperpolarization technology

LI Zeming; LV Yunxi; QI Haogang; QU Qianyue; TAN Zheng; WANG Li; JIANG Weiping; HU Yinan; ZHOU Xin

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250771

Abstract

Near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become a rapidly developing spectroscopic and imaging method, providing promising opportunities for portable diagnostics and fast chemical analysis. A key technology is the atomic magnetometer, and its ongoing improvements have sparked growing interest in potential clinical applications.The near-zero-field NMR has long been limited by weak signal strength, but recent developments in the hyperpolarization method have provided an effective solution to this problem. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP), parahydrogen-based polarization schemes (PHIP/SABRE), chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), and spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) have all demonstrated preliminary feasibility in this context.By combining such hyperpolarization strategies with near-zero-field detection, strong signals can be obtained without the need of traditional high-field magnets. This capability opens new pathways for applying near-zero-field NMR to both chemical sensing and biomedical imaging, enabling compact tools for rapid analysis and diagnostic applications. Here, we review the recent progress of the intersection of near-zero-field NMR and hyperpolarization techniques.

Keywords:

near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance /
hyperpolarization /
magnetometer /
magnetic resonance imaging

Authors and contacts

1.
National Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
National Research Center for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Corresponding author: ZHOU Xin, xinzhou@wipm.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2023YFF0714000, 2022YFA1604501, 2023YFF0714001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 82127802, 82441015).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 不同场强下的磁共振现象

Figure 1. Magnetic resonance phenomena under different magnetic field.

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图 2 零场到超低场(ZULF)核磁共振中的化学交换场景^[9]　(a) 影响整个J耦合网络的化学交换, 分子中的所有原子的相互作用都可以破坏化学键, 例如对称分子(如H₂O和$ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{+} $); (b) 影响J耦合网络子系统的化学交换, 其中自旋系统的一部分交换, 而分子的其余部分保持完整, 如具有多个耦合核的分子中的质子交换, 一旦解离, 氢(浅蓝色表示)可以附着在不同的分子上, 使交换发生分子间

Figure 2. Chemical exchange scenarios in zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) NMR^[9]: (a) Exchange affecting the entire J-coupled network, where all atoms in a molecule can break chemical bonds. Examples include symmetric molecules like H₂O and $ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{+} $; (b) exchange affecting a subsystem of the J-coupled network, where part of the spin system exchanges while the rest of the molecule remains intact. An example is proton exchange in molecules with multiple coupled nuclei. Once dissociated, hydrogen (light blue) can attach to a different molecule, making the exchange intermolecular.

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图 3 近零场磁共振示意图^[17,19]　(a) 基于开放光路式原子磁力计的近零场磁共振; (b) 基于小型化原子磁力计的近零场磁共振

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of Near-Zero-Field NMR^[17,19]: (a) Near-zero-field magnetic resonance based on an open-light path atomic magnetometer; (b) near-zero-field NMR based on a miniaturized atomic magnetometer.

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图 4 原子磁力计示意图　(a) NMOR原子磁力计; (b) 小型化原子磁力计

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of atomic magnetometers: (a) NMOR-based atomic magnetometer; (b) miniaturized atomic magnetometer.

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图 5 磁屏蔽装置

Figure 5. Magnetic shields.

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图 6 用于近零场磁共振的线圈　(a) 柔性线圈设计图; (b) 柔性线圈照片; (c) 马鞍形线圈; (d) 亥姆霍兹线圈

Figure 6. Coils used for near-zero-field NMR: (a) Flexible coil for shielding; (b) photo of flexible coil; (c) saddle-shaped coil; (d) Helmholtz coil.

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图 7 不同极化方式

Figure 7. Polarization methods.

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图 8 dDNP与近零场磁共振实验装置示意图^[41], 其中样品dDNP超极化后转移至近零场磁共振进行检测

Figure 8. Schematic of the experimental apparatus^[41]. The sample is hyperpolarized by dDNP and is transferred to the near-zero-field NMR spectrometer for detection.

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图 9 仲氢与正氢的区别^[44]　(a) 氢原子的两种自旋态; (b) 氢气分子的4种自旋态与转动能级对应

Figure 9. Principle of parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization^[44]: (a) Two spin states of hydrogen atoms; (b) four spin states of hydrogen molecules and their corresponding rotational states.

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图 10 PASADENA与ALTADENA超极化方式的对比^[44]　(a) 加氢反应过程; (b) 自旋态在不同能级上的布居数; (c) ¹H磁共振信号

Figure 10. Principle of parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization^[44]: (a) Hydrogenation reaction; (b) selective population of the spin states; (c) ¹H NMR signal.

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图 11 可逆交换信号放大(SABRE)过程示意图

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process.

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图 12 连续仲氢诱导超极化与近零场磁共振的结合^[44]　(a) 以吡啶为底物的SABRE反应; (b) 计算机控制仲氢通过SABRE样品的实验装置

Figure 12. Combination of continuous parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization and near-zero-field NMR^[44]: (a) SABRE reaction scheme with pyridine as substrate; (b) experimental setup of computer controlled p-H₂ bubbling through a SABRE sample.

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图 13 CIDNP与近零场磁共振测量结合^[56]

Figure 13. Photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization generated under near-zero-field conditions^[56].

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图 14 ¹²⁹Xe的弱自旋交换光泵浦示意图^[63]　(a) 含有400 Torr N₂和200 Torr Xe(¹²⁹Xe为26.4%)的气体混合物通过泵室和探针室, 最终从出口室流出; 进入泵室的非极化¹²⁹Xe通过与光泵浦⁸⁷Rb的自旋交换变得极化, 并随后进入探针室; (b) 硅芯片尺寸为3 cm×1 cm, 厚度1 mm; (c) ¹²⁹Xe的泵浦和探测序列

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of weak spin-exchange optical pumping of ¹²⁹Xe^[63]: (a) A gas mixture containing 400 Torr N₂ and 200 Torr Xe (with ¹²⁹Xe at 26.4%) flows through the pumping chamber and probe chamber, and eventually exits the output chamber. The depolarized ¹²⁹Xe entering the pumping chamber becomes polarized through spin exchange with optical pumping of ⁸⁷Rb, and then moves into the probe chamber. (b) The silicon chip has dimensions of 3 cm×1 cm and a thickness of 1 mm. (c) Pumping and detection sequence for ¹²⁹Xe.

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图 15 近零场磁共振与超极化技术的结合及应用

Figure 15. Combination and application of near-zero-field NMR and hyperpolarization technology.

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图 16 近零场下的磁共振成像　(a) 近零场下对样品管的成像; (b) 人脑的近零场磁共振成像; (c) 近零场磁共振对流动液体的成像

Figure 16. Combination of continuous parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization and near-zero-field NMR: (a) Imaging of sample tubes at ZULF; (b) ZULF MRI of human brain; (c) imaging of flowing liquids using ZULF NMR.

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图 17 近零场磁共振的代谢监测^[78]　(a) 对富马酸-苹果酸反应过程的监测; (b) 对丙酮酸-乳酸反应过程的监测

Figure 17. Metabolic monitoring with near-zero-field NMR^[78]: (a) Monitoring of the fumaric acid-malic acid reaction process; (b) monitoring of the pyruvate-lactic acid reaction process.

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图 18 近零场磁共振中特征谱峰可以达到亚赫兹的线宽水平

Figure 18. Characteristic spectral peak in ZULF NMR can reach a line width of sub-Hertz.

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图 19 近零场磁共振与超极化技术应用于化学分析^[38]

Figure 19. Application of near-zero-field NMR and hyperpolarization technology in chemistry analysis^[38].

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图 20 近零场磁共振与超极化技术应用于自旋重力耦合研究^[91]

Figure 20. Near-zero-field NMR and hyperpolarization techniques for spin-gravity couplings^[91].

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