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According to the principle of dielectrophoresis, an aspherical double-liquid lens based on parallel plate electrodes is designed. In comparison with the liquid lenses based on patterned-electrodes, the aspherical double-liquid lens structure uses continuous electrodes, which have the advantages of simpler processing, lower cost, easier realization and more practicability. The droplet in the dielectric electrophoretic liquid lens is polarized in the electric field and moves towards the higher electric field intensity under the action of the dielectrophoretic force. With the change of applied voltage, the dielectrophoretic force varies, thus the contact angle of the droplet at the liquid-liquid interface is changed. Firstly, the models of aspherical double-liquid lenses under different voltages are established with Comsol software, and the data of interfacial profile are derived. Then using Matlab software, the derived interface surface data are fitted by polynomial, and the aspherical coefficients are obtained. Finally, the optical models are built with Zemax software, and the variation range of focal length and root mean square (RMS) radius of aspherical double-liquid lens under different voltages are analyzed. In order to further study the characteristics of aspherical double-liquid lens, it is compared with spherical double-liquid lens model. The liquid material, cavity structure and droplet volume of spherical double-liquid lens are consistent with those of aspherical double-liquid lens. The corresponding spherical double-liquid lens model is established by using the Zemax software, the range of focal length and RMS radius of spherical double-liquid lens under different voltages are obtained. The results show that the focal length variation range of aspherical double-liquid lens is larger than that of spherical double-liquid lens, and the imaging quality of the former is better than that of the latter. The experimental preparation of the designed aspherical double-liquid lens device is carried out, and its focal length and imaging resolution are measured. When the operating voltage is in a range of 0–280 V, the focal length varies from 54.2391 to 34.5855 mm, which is basically consistent with the simulation result. The feasibility of the liquid lens structure is verified experimentally. The imaging resolution can reach 45.255 lp/mm. The designed aspherical double-liquid lens based on the parallel plate electrode can provide a new scheme for the high-quality imaging of liquid lens and its application, and can expand the application scope of liquid lens.
[1] Sim J H, Kim J, Kim C, Shin D, Lee J, Koo G, Jung G S, Won Y H 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 15416
Google Scholar
[2] Cai H, Poon A W 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2855
Google Scholar
[3] Seo S W, Han S, Seo J H, Kim Y M, Kang M S, Min N K, Choi W B, Sung M Y 2009 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48 052404
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[17] Mishra K, Narayanan A, Mugele F 2019 Opt. Express 27 17601
Google Scholar
[18] Chen Q, Tong X, Zhu Y, Tsoi C C, Jia Y, Li Z, Zhang X 2020 Lab Chip 20 995
Google Scholar
[19] Kong M M, Zhu L F, Chen D, Liang Z C, Zhao R, Xu E M 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Korea 20 427
Google Scholar
[20] Kong M M, Chen X, Yuan Y, Zhao R, Chen T, Liang Z C 2019 Curr. Opt. Photonics 3 177
Google Scholar
[21] Wu S T, Ren H 2012 Introduction to adaptive lenses (Hoboken: Willey) pp148–108
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Kong M M, Pan S C, Yuan D, Sun X B, Xue Y Y, Zhao R, Chen T 2023 Laser Optoelectron. Progr. 60 192202
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Kong M M, Liu Y, Dong Y, Xue Y Y, Pan S C, Zhao R 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 154206
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Liang D 2022 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
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图 1 液体透镜参数设置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of parameter setting of the liquid lens.
图 2 基于平行平板电极的非球面双液体透镜的结构原理示意图
Figure 2. Structural principle diagram of the aspherical double-liquid lens based on parallel plate electrode.
图 3 利用软件进行非球面双液体透镜建模的仿真流程图
Figure 3. Simulation flow chart of aspherical double-liquid lens modeling with softwares.
图 4 Comsol中的非球面双液体透镜模型 (a) 立体斜视图; (b) 电场线分布图(40 V)
Figure 4. A spherical double-liquid lens model in Comsol: (a) Stereoscopic oblique view; (b) electric field line distribution diagram (40 V).
图 5 利用Matlab拟合的280 V电压下的界面面型图
Figure 5. Surface diagrams of interfaces fitted with Matlab under the voltage of 280 V.
图 6 同一电压(320 V)非球面和球面双液体透镜的光路图 (a) 非球面双液体透镜; (b) 球面双液体透镜
Figure 6. Optical path diagrams of aspherical and spherical double-liquid lenses surface at 320 V: (a) Aspherical double-liquid lens; (b) spherical double-liquid lens.
图 7 不同电压下非球面与球面双液体透镜的焦距对比图
Figure 7. Comparison of focal lengths between aspherical and spherical double-liquid lenses at different voltages.
图 8 不同电压下非球面与球面双液体透镜的成像点列图中RMS半径的对比
Figure 8. Comparison of RMS radius of spot diagrams of aspherical and spherical double-liquid lenses at different voltages.
图 9 制备的基于平行平板电极的非球面双液体透镜实物图
Figure 9. Actual image of prepared aspheric double-liquid lens based on parallel plate electrode.
图 10 放大率法焦距测量原理 (a) 焦距测量原理; (b) 玻罗分划线
Figure 10. Magnification method focal length measurement principle: (a) Principle of focal length measurement; (b) the Porro dividing line.
图 11 不同电压下仿真与实验测得的焦距对比图
Figure 11. Comparison of focal length measured by simulation and experiment at different voltages.
图 12 不同状态下非球面双液体透镜的分辨率图 (a) 0 V; (b) 280 V
Figure 12. Resolution of aspherical double-liquid lens in different states: (a) 0 V; (b) 280 V.
表 1 不同工作电压下面型拟合精度(R-Square值)
Table 1. Precision of surface fitting under different working voltages (R-Square value).
电压/V R-Square值 0 0.9998 40 0.9998 80 0.9998 120 0.9998 160 0.9997 200 0.9996 240 0.9993 280 0.9987 320 0.9968 
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[1] Sim J H, Kim J, Kim C, Shin D, Lee J, Koo G, Jung G S, Won Y H 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 15416
Google Scholar
[2] Cai H, Poon A W 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2855
Google Scholar
[3] Seo S W, Han S, Seo J H, Kim Y M, Kang M S, Min N K, Choi W B, Sung M Y 2009 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48 052404
Google Scholar
[4] López C A, Lee C C, Hirsa A H 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 134102
Google Scholar
[5] Ashtiani A O, Jiang H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 111101
Google Scholar
[6] Zhao P, Ataman C, Zappe H 2015 Opt. Express 23 21264
Google Scholar
[7] Mishra K, Murade C, Carreel B, Roghair I, Oh J M, Manukyan G, Van Den Ende D, Mugele F 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 6378
Google Scholar
[8] Li L, Wang J H, Wang Q H, Wu S T 2018 Opt. Express 26 25839
Google Scholar
[9] Jin B, Xu M, Ren H, Wang Q H 2014 Opt. Express 22 31041
Google Scholar
[10] Xu M, Xu D, Ren H, Yoo I S, Wang Q H 2014 J. Opt. 16 105601
Google Scholar
[11] Wang J H, Zhou X, Luo L, Yuan R Y, Wang Q H 2019 Opt. Commun. 445 56
Google Scholar
[12] Zhang C Y, Li L, Wang Q H 2017 J. Soc. Inf. Display 25 331
Google Scholar
[13] Hung K Y, Tseng F G, Liao T H 2008 J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17 370
Google Scholar
[14] Yu H, Zhou G, Leung H M, Chau F S 2010 Opt. Express 18 9945
Google Scholar
[15] Mishra K, Mugele F 2016 Opt. Express 24 14672
Google Scholar
[16] Lima N C, Mishra K, Mugele F 2017 Opt. Express 25 6700
Google Scholar
[17] Mishra K, Narayanan A, Mugele F 2019 Opt. Express 27 17601
Google Scholar
[18] Chen Q, Tong X, Zhu Y, Tsoi C C, Jia Y, Li Z, Zhang X 2020 Lab Chip 20 995
Google Scholar
[19] Kong M M, Zhu L F, Chen D, Liang Z C, Zhao R, Xu E M 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Korea 20 427
Google Scholar
[20] Kong M M, Chen X, Yuan Y, Zhao R, Chen T, Liang Z C 2019 Curr. Opt. Photonics 3 177
Google Scholar
[21] Wu S T, Ren H 2012 Introduction to adaptive lenses (Hoboken: Willey) pp148–108
[22] 孔梅梅, 潘世成, 袁东, 孙小波, 薛银燕, 赵瑞, 陈陶 2023 激光与光电子学进展 60 192202
Google Scholar
Kong M M, Pan S C, Yuan D, Sun X B, Xue Y Y, Zhao R, Chen T 2023 Laser Optoelectron. Progr. 60 192202
Google Scholar
[23] 孔梅梅, 刘悦, 董媛, 薛银燕, 潘世成, 赵瑞 2023 72 154206
Google Scholar
Kong M M, Liu Y, Dong Y, Xue Y Y, Pan S C, Zhao R 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 154206
Google Scholar
[24] 梁丹 2022 硕士学位论文 (南京: 南京邮电大学)
Liang D 2022 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
[25] Ren H, Xianyu H, Xu S, Wu S T 2008 Opt. Express 16 14954
Google Scholar
[26] Xu M, Liu Y T, Yuan Y, Lu H B, Qiu L Z 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 509
Google Scholar
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