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Grain refinement is an effective method to enhance the comprehensive properties of alloys. In industrial production, Al-5Ti-1B master alloys are commonly used to refine the microstructure of aluminum alloys. However, the grain refinement potency of Al-Ti-B master alloys is limited and cannot meet the requirements for high-performance aluminum alloy applications. It has been demonstrated that adding trace amount of micro-alloying element La to the aluminum alloy melt inoculated with Al-5Ti-1B master alloy can further refine the solidification microstructure. Previous research indicates that the addition of 0.06% (weight percent) La is sufficient to achieve an ideal α-Al grain refinement. Our recent experimental results demonstrate that for an Al-Mg alloy of high Mg content inoculated with Al-5Ti-1B master alloy, the optimal addition level of La is about 0.02% (weight percent). Solidification experiments are carried out for Al-Mg alloys inoculated with Al-5Ti-1B master alloy and different addition levels of micro-alloying element La. It is demonstrated that the trace addition of micro-alloying element La shows a further grain refinement effect on Al-Mg alloy and reduces the nucleation undercooling of α-Al. A model is proposed for the segregation behavior of micro-alloying element La at the interface between the Al alloy melt and TiB2. The mechanism of the enhancement in the efficiency of TiB2 particles to nucleate α-Al by micro-alloying element La is clarified. The calculation results indicate that La shows a strong segregation tendency toward the interface between the Al melt and TiB2 particles, thus reducing the interfacial energy and contact angle between TiB2 and α-Al, enhancing the efficiency of TiB2 to nucleate α-Al, and further refining α-Al grains. -
Keywords:
- Al-Mg alloys /
- grain refinement /
- micro-alloying element La /
- Al-5 Ti-B
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图 1 Al-2.5Mg合金OM图像 (a) 未添加Al-5Ti-1B和La; (b) 添加0.4% Al-5Ti-1B; (c) 添加0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.02% La; (d)添加0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.04% La; (e)添加0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.06%La
Fig. 1. OM images of Al-2.5Mg alloys: (a) Without any inoculation and inoculated; (b) with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B; (c) with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.02% La; (d) with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.04% La; (e) with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.06%La.
图 2 经0.4% Al-5Ti-1B细化处理的Al-2.5Mg合金的平均晶粒尺寸随La添加量的变化
Fig. 2. Average size of α-Al grains in Al-2.5Mg alloys inoculated with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B master alloy varied with La addition level.
图 3 (a) Al-2.5Mg合金的DTA熔化和冷却曲线; (b) $ \left({T}_{\text{L}}- $$ {T}_{\text{N}}\right) $和$ \left({T}_{\text{N}}-{T}_{\text{P}}\right) $随La添加量($ {c}_{\text{0La}} $)的变化
Fig. 3. (a) DTA heating and cooling curves for the Al-2.5Mg alloy without any inoculation; (b) $ \left({T}_{\text{L}}-{T}_{\text{N}}\right) $ and $ \left({T}_{\text{N}}-{T}_{\text{P}}\right) $ for Al-2.5Mg alloys inoculated with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B master alloy varied with the La addition level $ {c}_{\text{0La}} $ $ {\left({T}_{\text{L}}-{T}_{\text{N}}\right)}_{0} $ and $ {\left({T}_{\text{N}}-{T}_{\text{P}}\right)}_{0} $ are respectively for the Al-2.5Mg alloys without any inoculation.
图 4 添加0.06% La的经0.4% Al-5Ti-1B处理的Al-2.5Mg合金 (a) SEM图, 插图为白色相的成分; (b) 元素Al, (c) 元素Mg, (d) La的X射线能量散谱图
Fig. 4. Al-2.5Mg alloy inoculated with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B+0.06% La: (a) SEM image, inset shows the compositions of the white phase; (b)–(d) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy maps of Al (b), Mg (c), La (d).
图 5 (a) $ f\left(\theta \right) $随θ 的变化; (b) θ 随$ {c}_{\text{0La}} $的变化
Fig. 5. (a) $ f\left(\theta \right) $ as a function of θ; (b) θ as a function of $ {c}_{\text{0La}} $.
图 6 TL = 920 K时, $ x_{i}^{\text{In}} $和$ \Delta {\gamma }_{{{\text{Al(L)/TiB}}_{2}}\text{(S)}} $随$ x_{i}^{\text{Mat}} $的变化
Fig. 6. $ x_{i}^{\text{In}} $ and $ \Delta {\gamma }_{{{\text{Al(L)/TiB}}_{2}}\text{(S)}} $ varied with $ x_{i}^{\text{Mat}} $ at TL = 920 K.
表 1 计算生长限制因子所需参数及Qi
Table 1. Data required for the calculation of growth restriction factor and the calculated Qi under the present experimental conditions.
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