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微牛级会切霍尔推力器是一种微波辅助电离调控的电推进装置, 作为无拖曳控制系统的执行机构, 通过宽范围连续调节推力来保障控制精度与稳定性. 但调节过程中会发生模式转换导致阳极电流突变, 降低控制精度和稳定性. 因此, 有必要对模式转换发生的规律进行研究. 本文通过探针诊断等方式, 研究了微波模式转换前后推力器内部等离子体参数与放电特性的变化规律. 实验结果显示, 模式转换前, 等离子体亮区主要集中于阳极前端约1—3 mm处的电子回旋共振区域; 转换后, 亮区向上游移动, 近阳极区等离子体密度超过截止密度, 沿轴向急剧下降. 等离子体密度变化改变基本波的传输特性是电子加热方式发生改变的根本原因. 等离子体密度上升至截止密度时, 驱动电离的R波与O波迅速衰减或被反射. 此时R波无法到达共振面, 主导的电子回旋共振(ECR)电离失效. R波-O波主导电离变为O波主导电离, 电子加热机制从体加热向表面波加热过渡. 本文研究将为后续优化推力器微波传输、降低模式转换发生的阈值提供依据.
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关键词:
- 会切霍尔推力器 /
- 模式转换 /
- 探针诊断 /
- 波与等离子体相互作用
The micro-newton-level cusped field Hall thruster is an electric propulsion device that employs microwave-assisted ionization control. It serves as an actuator in drag-free control systems, ensuring control accuracy and stability by providing continuously adjustable thrust over a wide range. However, a mode transition occurring in the regulation process can lead to a sudden change in anode current, thereby degrading control precision and stability. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the underlying patterns of mode transition. This study examines the variations in internal plasma parameters and discharge characteristics of the thruster before and after microwave mode transition, primarily through probe diagnostics. Experimental results indicate that prior to mode transition, the plasma luminous region is primarily concentrated within the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) area, approximately 1—3 mm upstream of the anode. After the transition, the luminous region moves further upstream, and the plasma density near the anode exceeds the cutoff density, dropping sharply along the axial direction. The fundamental cause of the change in electron heating mechanism is the alteration in the propagation characteristics of fundamental waves due to this plasma density variation. When the plasma density rises to the cutoff density, the R-wave and O-wave, which drive ionization, are rapidly attenuated or reflected. At this point, the R-wave cannot reach the resonance layer, causing the dominant ECR ionization to become ineffective. The ionization mechanism shifts from being dominated by the R-wave and O-wave to being dominated primarily by the O-wave. Consequently, the electron heating mechanism shifts from volume heating to surface wave heating. This research will provide a basis for subsequently optimizing microwave transmission in the thruster and for reducing the threshold at which mode transition occurs.-
Keywords:
- cusped field hall thruster /
- mode transition /
- probe diagnostics /
- wave-plasma interactions
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图 2 推力器示意图 (a) 推力器结构; (b) 推力器磁场分布
Fig. 2. Schematic of the thruster: (a) Structure; (b) magnetic field distribution.
图 3 Faraday探针、Langmuir探针测量系统
Fig. 3. Schematic of the Faraday probe and Langmuir probe measurement system.
图 4 阳极电压、微波功率调节结果 (a) 4 W微波功率下调控阳极电压300—700 V, 阳极电流变化结果; (b) 500 V阳极电压下调控微波功率1—5 W, 阳极电流变化结果
Fig. 4. Results of anode voltage and microwave power regulation: (a) Variation of anode current with anode voltage regulated from 300 to 700 V at a fixed microwave power of 4 W; (b) variation of anode current with microwave power regulated from 1 to 5 W at a fixed anode voltage of 500 V.
图 5 两种不同工况下等离子体亮区的分布 (a) 0.3 sccm/2 W工况在等离子体亮区阳极前端; (b) 0.4 sccm/4 W工况等离子体亮区退至阳极端面后
Fig. 5. Distribution of the plasma luminous region under two different operating conditions: (a) Distribution of the plasma luminous region upstream of the anode under the condition of 0.3 sccm and 2 W; (b) plasma luminous region recedes downstream beyond the anode end-face under the condition of 0.4 sccm and 4 W.
图 6 电压调控下两种典型工况阳极电流与驻波比/反射系数的结果
Fig. 6. Anode current and VSWR/reflection coefficient results under two typical operating conditions with voltage regulation.
图 7 无直流电压下驻波比与反射系数随着调控参数而发生突变 (a) 1—5 W微波功率变化下驻波比与反射系数显著增大; (b) 0.1—0.5 sccm工质流量下驻波比与反射系数显著增大
Fig. 7. Abrupt changes in VSWR and reflection coefficient with control parameters in the absence of a DC voltage: (a) Significant increase in VSWR and reflection coefficient with microwave power varied from 1 to 5 W; (b) sharp rise in VSWR and reflection coefficient with propellant flow rate adjusted from 0.1 to 0.5 sccm.
图 8 2 W/0.3 sccm(模式转换前)和4 W/0.4 sccm(模式转换后)羽流离子电流分布
Fig. 8. Plume ion current distribution at 2 W/0.3 sccm (before mode transition) and 4 W/0.4 sccm (after mode transition).
图 9 模式转换前后测量点的I-V曲线 (a) 模式转换前X = –1—4 mm的I-V曲线; (b) 模式转换后X = –1—4 mm处的I-V曲线
Fig. 9. I-V curves at the measurement points before and after mode transition: (a) I-V curves at positions from X = –1 to 4 mm before mode transition; (b) I-V curves at positions from X = –1 to 4 mm after mode transition.
图 10 模式转换前后I-V曲线的一阶导数分布 (a) 模式转换前X = –1—4 mm I-V曲线的一阶导数分布; (b) 模式转换后X = –1—4 mm I-V曲线的一阶导数分布
Fig. 10. Profiles of the first derivative of the I-V curves before and after mode transition: (a) Distribution of the first derivative for I-V curves at X = –1 to 4 mm before mode transition; (b) distribution of the first derivative for I-V curves at X = –1 to 4 mm after mode transition.
图 11 模式转换前后电子温度拟合曲线 (a) 模式转换前X = –1—4 mm测点处电子温度拟合直线; (b) 模式转换后X = –1—4 mm测点处电子温度拟合直线
Fig. 11. Fitting curves for electron temperature before and after mode transition: (a) Linear fits to the electron temperature at measurement points from X = –1 to 4 mm before mode transition; (b) linear fits to the electron temperature at measurement points from X = –1 to 4 mm after mode transition.
图 12 模式转换过程中推力器通道内等离子体参数的变化 (a) 模式转换前通道内各测点的电子温度及等离子体密度; (b) 模式转换后通道内各测点的电子温度及等离子体密度
Fig. 12. Evolution of plasma parameters within the thruster channel during the mode transition process: (a) Electron temperature and plasma density at various measurement locations within the channel before mode transition; (b) electron temperature and plasma density at various measurement locations within the channel after mode transition.
图 13 R波和O波在磁化等离子体中的传播特性
Fig. 13. Propagation characteristics of R-wave and O-wave in magnetized plasma.
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