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平衡光电探测器作为一种检测量子态噪声起伏通用技术的核心关键器件, 其性能参数在近直流的宽频带范围内(mHz—MHz)常受限于电子学噪声与电学增益的相互制约. 针对1 mHz—1 Hz极低频段, 为满足未来量子增强引力波探测计划中对量子压缩光源探测和评估等方面的需求, 本研究基于一种可调节阻抗匹配网络与两级差分放大的设计架构, 使用差分微调电路与可调偏置电压协同补偿方案, 优化光电二极管的非线性响应补偿机制, 在分析频段500 Hz处实现共模抑制比>75 dB. 实验结果表明, 在小于1 Hz的频段内, 探测器的电子学噪声优于3.5 × 10–5 V/Hz1/2, 满足空间引力波探测计划对于激光强度噪声的要求(1 × 10–4 V/Hz1/2); 同时当入射的本底探测光功率为4 mW时, 本平衡光电探测器可实现增益20 dB@1 mHz—1 MHz, 满足高指标压缩光源的高效探测需求, 为下一代空间引力波探测以及极低频段压缩态光场的探测提供了关键器件的解决方案.Balanced detector is a fundamental component for the accurately measuring quantum state fluctuations, especially quantum noise, which is crucial for future quantum-enhanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors utilizing squeezed light. By using a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) model core for balanced detection, a detailed theoretical and practical analysis is conducted on the electronic factors that affect the performance of the detector in the target ultra-low-frequency range. The TIA stage is meticulously designed using a high-performance integrated operational amplifier characterized by low offset voltage drift. In order to ensure the critical gain stability for ultra-low-frequency operation, this design adopts low temperature-drift metal foil resistors. Subsequent voltage amplification is achieved using a noninverting amplifier configuration to attain the necessary high electrical gain, while strictly managing overall electronic noise. By recognizing the criticality of common-mode noise rejection for quantum noise measurements, the photodiode (PD) nonlinear response compensation mechanism is analyzed and optimized. This is achieved through the innovative implementation of a differential fine-tuning circuit (DFTC) coupled with an adjustable bias voltage (ABV) compensation scheme. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the optimized design. The compensation scheme utilizing DFTC and ABV successfully achieves a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) exceeding 75 dB@500 Hz. Crucially, the detector achieves an electronic noise spectral density of 3.5 × 10–5 V/Hz1/2 within the 1 mHz–1 Hz band, exceeding the requirements for laser intensity noise (1 × 10–4 V/Hz1/2) in space-based gravitational wave detection. Furthermore, the detector demonstrates high gain capability and bandwidth: with an incident detection light power of 4 mW, the balanced detector achieves a gain of 20 dB maintained in a wide frequency range from 1 mHz to 1 MHz. This work presents the design, detailed analysis, and experimental realization of optimized balanced detectors specifically tailored for high-sensitivity measurements in the millihertz gravitational wave frequency band. The achieved low electronic noise base below 1 Hz and high CMRR meet the key requirements for future space-based gravitational wave detectors to detect squeezed states of light. This optimized balanced detector provides important components and technical support for the next-generation space-based gravitational wave detection and millihertz squeezed light characterization.
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Keywords:
- millihertz band /
- balanced photoelectric detection /
- transimpedance amplifier /
- common mode rejection ratio
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图 1 基于TIA的平衡光电探测器示意图(OPA1/2, 运算放大器1/2; PD, 光电二极管; Vbias, 偏置电压; VAC, 交流电压信号; VDC, 直流电压信号)
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the balanced detector based on TIA. OPA1/2, operational amplifier 1/2; PD, photodiode; Vbias, bias voltage; VAC, AC voltage signal; VDC, DC voltage signal.
图 3 平衡光电探测器电路原理图(FER, 磁珠; RP, 滑动变阻器)
Fig. 3. Circuit layout of balanced detector. FER, ferrite bead; RP, variable resistor.
图 4 基于LTspice软件的电路仿真图 (a) 时域参数扫描分析图; (b) 频域参数扫描分析图
Fig. 4. Electronic circuit simulation based on LTspice software: (a) Time domain parameter scan analysis results; (b) frequency domain parameter scan analysis results.
图 5 平衡光电探测器性能测试评估装置图 (ISO, 光学隔离器; HWP, 半波片; PBS, 偏振分束器; EOAM, 电光振幅调制器; SG, 信号发生器; BHD, 平衡光电探测器; SA, 频谱分析仪; OSC, 示波器; Meter, 高精度数字万用表)
Fig. 5. Balanced detector performance test and evaluation device. ISO, isolator; HWP, half-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter; EOAM, electro-optic amplitude modulator; SG, signal generator; BHD, balanced homodyne detector; SA, spectrum analyzer; OSC, oscilloscope; Meter, high-precision digital multimeter.
图 7 平衡光电探测器线性度测试噪声谱表征 (a) 1 kHz—1.5 MHz频段性能的测量结果; (b) 1 mHz—1 Hz频段性能的测量结果
Fig. 7. Balanced detector linearity test noise spectral characterization: (a) Measured noise spectra from 1 kHz to 1.5 MHz; (b) noise power spectrum form 1 Hz downwards to 1 mHz.
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