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光电子技术领域的快速发展对半导体材料在光电特性上提出了更高要求, 推动了对更加高效、可控的调控手段的深入探索. 高压技术作为一种“干净”的外场调控手段, 能够有效地调控材料晶体结构与电子态, 激发新奇物理现象, 实现性能的优化. 近年来, 高压技术在光电功能材料领域迅速崭露头角, 为光电特性的优化提供了全新视角, 展现出不俗的研究价值和应用潜力. 本文概述了近年来二维过渡金属硫化物、金属与非金属卤化物等材料体系在高压条件下光电响应特性演化的研究进展. 总结了高压对材料晶体结构、电子能带、光谱响应拓展、自驱动响应、极性反转等效应的影响规律, 分析了结构与性能的内在关联, 并探讨了高压调控所揭示的新机制和新效应. 最后, 针对当前压力调控光电特性领域存在的科学问题与技术瓶颈, 提出了未来可能的研究方向与前景, 以期为开发新型高性能光电器件提供理论基础和实验依据.
The rapid development of optoelectronic technologies has raised increasingly requirements for the photoelectric properties of semiconductor materials, thereby promoting the exploration of more efficient and controllable modulation strategies. High-pressure technology, as a clean and effective external-field method, can accurately modulate the crystal structure and electronic states of materials. This modulation can induce novel phase transitions and physical effects, thereby significantly improving performance. In recent years, high-pressure technique has emerged as a powerful tool for optimizing photoelectric properties of semiconductor materials, providing new perspectives for enhancing performance and demonstrating significant research value and application potential. This review paper comprehensively summarizes recent research progress of pressure-induced evolution of photoelectric properties in various material systems, such as two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, metal and non-metal halides, perovskites, and other representative semiconductors. These materials exhibit a wide variety of pressure-induced structural transformations, accompanied by photocurrent enhancement, broadband spectral response, self-powered photoresponse, and polarity reversal. Furthermore, the intrinsic links between these structural evolutions and the corresponding photoelectric behaviors are systematically examined. Scientific issues and development bottlenecks in this area are also discussed. Despite notable advances, there are still several challenges, including the insufficient understanding of intrinsic correlations between structure and photoelectric properties, the lack of comprehensive evaluation parameters. How to realize pressure-enhanced photoelectric properties for applications under ambient conditions is another key challenge. Addressing these issues will be essential for advancing both fundamental understanding and practical applications. Overall, pressure modulated photoelectric properties present both significant challenges and exciting opportunities, providing valuable guidance for designing advanced optoelectronic materials and devices. 
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Keywords:
- high-pressure physics /
- photoresponse characteristics /
- structural phase transition /
- in-situ high-pressure characterization
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图 1 高压调控光电响应特性研究中的典型材料分类示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic classification of representative material systems for high-pressure tuning of photoresponse properties.
图 2 TMDs材料高压下的光电响应行为 (a) PtS2在高压下的光电流[41]; (b) 块状和单晶ReS2样品的光电流-压力依赖性关系[42]; (c) 980, 1270, 1450和1650 nm近红外波长下层状WS2的光电流-压力依赖性关系[43]; (d) 不同近红外波长照射下, WS2的响应度和外量子效率与压力的变化关系[43]. 图片已获得授权
Fig. 2. The photoelectric response behavior of TMDs materials under high pressure: (a) Photocurrent of the PtS2 at elevated pressures[41]; (b) photocurrent-pressure dependence of bulk and single-crystal ReS2 samples[42]; (c) photocurrent-pressure dependence of layered WS2 with 980, 1270, 1450, and 1650 nm NIR wavelengths[43]; (d) R and EQE of WS2 as a function of pressure under illumination of selected near-infrared wavelengths[43]. Reproduced with permission.
图 3 BiI3在高压下的自驱动光电流极性反转行为 (a), (b) 在520 nm波长激光照射下, BiI3在零偏压下的高压光响应[48]; (c) 在24.0 GPa时, 激光在两电极间移动时BiI3的光电流分布[48]; (d) 不同光照强度下BiI3的光电流响应[48]; (e) 不同光照区域下光电流随压力的变化[48]; (f) 位置A(电极与样品接触区域)处光热电压随压力的变化[48]; (g) BiI3的霍尔系数随压力的变化关系[48]. 图片已获得授权
Fig. 3. Pressure-induced polarity reversal of self-driven photocurrent in BiI3: (a), (b) Photoresponse of BiI3 under 520 nm laser illumination a with zero bias under pressure[48]; (c) photocurrent distribution of BiI3 at 24.0 GPa as the laser moves between the two electrodes[48]; (d) photocurrent of BiI3 at 24.0 GPa with varying illumination intensity[48]; (e) variation in photocurrent with pressure at different illumination positions[48]; (f) changes in photothermoelectric voltage with pressure at illumination position A[48]; (g) pressure-dependent Hall coefficient of BiI3[48]. Reproduced with permission.
图 4 不同波长激光照射下Cs3Bi2I9在高压下的光电响应特性[61] (a) 在1650 nm 激光与10 V偏压下, Cs3Bi2I9样品在位置A加压过程中的光电流变化; (b) 不同位置在1650 nm 激光照射下的高压光电流密度; (c) 在26.3 GPa和10 V偏压下, 在不同波长光照下位置A处的光电流响应. 图片已获得授权
Fig. 4. Photoresponse properties of Cs3Bi2I9 under laser illumination of different wavelengths[61]: (a) Photocurrent evolution of Cs3Bi2I9 during compression with 1650 nm laser illumination and 10 V bias at position A; (b) pressure-dependent photocurrent density Jph of Cs3Bi2I9 under 1650 nm laser illumination at different positions; (c) photocurrent of Cs3Bi2I9 under laser illumination of different wavelengths at position A under a 10 V bias at 26.3 GPa[]. Reproduced with permission.
图 5 NbOI2半导体-半导体相变过程中压力诱导的n-p导电类型可逆切换[62] (a) NbOI2加压过程中温度-电阻关系; (b) 在300 K时NbOI2的电阻随压强的变化关系, 插图为样品和电极在金刚石对顶砧中的光学图像; (c) 光学带隙值随压强的变化; (d)在6.2 GPa和14.0 GPa时, NbOI2在300 K下的霍尔电阻随磁场的变化; (e) 霍尔系数随压强的变化; (f) NbOI2的载流子密度随压强的变化. 图片已获得授权
Fig. 5. Pressure-induced n-p conduction type switching in semiconductor-to-semiconductor transition of NbOI2[62]: (a) Representative temperature-dependent resistance curves of NbOI2 during compression; (b) pressure-dependent resistance of NbOI2 measured at 300 K. Inset: the optical photo of the sample and electrodes in Diamond anvil cell; (c) optical bandgap as a function of pressure. (d) Hall resistance of NbOI2 as a function of the magnetic field at 300 K under pressures of 6.2 and 14.0 GPa; (e) derived Hall coefficient as a function of pressure; (f) carrier density of NbOI2 as a function of pressure]. Reproduced with permission.
图 6 (a), (b) SbSI分别在0和5 V偏置电压下的高压光电流[63]; (c) 不同偏置电压下的光电流与压力的关系[63]; (d) SbSI在高压下的电阻率[63]. 图片已获得授权
Fig. 6. (a), (b) Pressure-dependent photocurrent of SbSI at 0 and 5 V bias voltages[63]; (c) photocurrent as a function of pressure at different bias voltages[63]; (d) the resistivity of SbSI under high pressures[63]. Reproduced with permission.
表 1 相关材料在高压下的光电响应特性.
Table 1. Optoelectronic response characteristics of selected materials under high pressure.
材料名称 压力范围/GPa 光电流较常压数值 其他现象 参考文献 多层MoS2 0—35.0 — 光电流增益–7.5%/GPa、金属化 [40] PtS2 0—26.8 约6倍 — [41] 块状ReS2 0—50.0 2个数量级 金属化 [42] WS2 0—17.2 2个数量级 宽谱响应 [43] ZrSe2 0—26.5 3个数量级 金属化、负光电导 [44] PbI2 0—32.6 2个数量级 宽谱响应、自驱动光响应 [46,47] BiI3 0—30.0 3个数量级 宽谱响应、自驱动光响应 [48] SbI3 0—10.0 近10倍 自驱动光响应 [49,50] CsI3 0—16.7 近5个数量级 宽谱响应 [51] SnI4 0—11.5 约5个数量级 金属化 [52] RhI3 0—30.0 约5个数量级 金属化 [53] AsI3 0—12.0 约2倍 — [54] (C6H5CH2NH3)2CuBr4 0—40.0 28 GPa光电导率达到峰值* — [55] Cs2PbI2Cl2 0—26.9 3个数量级 — [24] CH3NH3PbBr3 0—5.6 0.7 GPa达到峰值* — [56] CH3NH3PbI3 0—8.3 4.5倍 “记忆效应” [57] CsPbBr3 0—9.2 1.4 GPa达到峰值* — [58] CsPbCl3 0—22.1 近2倍 — [59] CH3NH3SnI3 0—31.0 约1-2个数量级 非晶化 [60] Cs3Bi2I9 0—26.7 5个数量级 非晶化、宽谱响应 [61] NbOI2 0—23.8 3个数量级 宽谱响应、导电类型切换 [62] SbSI 0—28.5 14 GPa达到峰值* 自驱动光响应 [63] g-C3N4 0—46.0 约50% 带隙减小、非晶化、“记忆效应” [66,67] CuInP2S6 0—23.5 2个数量级 金属化、自驱动光响应 [68] NiPS3 0—50.1 5个数量级 宽谱响应、“记忆效应” [69] Bi9O7.5S6 0—58.1 4个数量级 — [70] BiOBr 0—25.0 1个数量级 — [71] KBiFe2O5 0—35.0 2个数量级 — [72] WO3/CuO异质结 0—33.0 — 负光电导 [73] CrSb2 0—41.0 — 负光电导 [74] Cr2Se3 0—31.8 3.7倍 负光电导 [75] 块状Si 0—20.8 1—2个数量级 金属化、负光电导 [76] CuInS2纳米晶 0—50.2 近4倍 带隙增大 [77] Bi2S3 0—34.3 5.6倍 宽谱响应、负光电导 [84] 注: *代表文献中未提及光电流具体变化数值. 
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