-
We study experimentally the three-body Coulomb explosion dynamics of carbon dioxide dimer
${\rm{(CO_2)}}_{2}^{4+}$ ions produced by intense femtosecond laser field. The three-dimensional momentum vectors as well as kinetic energy are measured for the correlated fragmental ions in a cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectrometer (COLTRIMS). Carbon dioxide dimer is produced during the supersonic expansion of${\rm{(CO_2)_2}}$ gas from a 30 μm nozzle with 10 bar backing pressure. The linearly polarized laser pulses with a pulse duration (full width at half maximum of the peak intensity) of 25 fs, a central wavelength of 790 nm, a repetition rate of 10 kHz, and peak laser intensities on the order of${\rm{8 \times10^{14}}}\;{\rm{W/cm^2}}$ are produced by a femtosecond Ti:sapphire multipass amplification system. We concentrate on the three-particle breakup channel${\rm{(CO_2)_2^{4+}}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}+{\rm{CO^+}}+ {\rm{O^+}}$ . The two-particle breakup channels,${\rm{(CO_2)_2^{4+}}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}+ {\rm{CO_{2}}^{2+}}$ and${\rm{CO_2^{2+}}\rightarrow CO^++O^+}$ , are selected as well for reference. The fragmental ions are guided by a homogenous electric field of 60 V/cm toward microchannel plates position-sensitive detector. The time of flight (TOF) and position of the fragmental ions are recorded to reconstruct their three-dimensional momenta. By designing some constraints to filter the experimental data, we select the data from different dissociative channels. The results demonstrate that the three-body Coulomb explosion of${\rm{(CO_2)}}_{2}^{4+}$ ions break into${\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}+{\rm{CO}}^++{\rm{O}}^+$ through two mechanisms: sequential fragmentation and non-sequential fragmentation, in which the sequential fragmentation channel is dominant. These three fragmental ions are produced almost instantaneously in a single dynamic process for the non-sequential fragmentation channel but stepwise for the sequential fragmentation. In the first step, the weak van der Waals bond breaks,${\rm{(CO_2)}}_{2}^{4+}$ dissociates into two${\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}$ ions; and then one of the C=O covalent bonds of${\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}$ breaks up, the${\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}$ ion breaks into${\rm{CO^+}}$ and${\rm{O^+}}$ . The time interval between the two steps is longer than the rotational period of the intermediate${\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2+}$ ions, which is demonstrated by the circle structure exhibited in the Newton diagram. We find that the sequential fragmentation channel plays a dominant role in the three-body Coulomb explosion of${\rm{(CO_2)}}_{2}^{4+}$ ions in comparison of the event ratio of the two fragmentation channels.-
Keywords:
- dimer /
- Coulomb explosion /
- sequential breakup /
- nonsequential fragmentation
[1] Seideman T, Ivanov M Y, Corkum P B 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 2819
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[11] von Veltheim A, Manschwetus B, Quan W, Borchers B, Steinmeyer G, Rottke H, Sandner W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 023001
Google Scholar
[12] Amada M, Sato Y, Tsuge M, Hoshina K 2015 Chem. Phys. Lett. 624 24
Google Scholar
[13] Ding X Y, Haertelt M, Schlauderer S, Schuurman M S, Naumov A Y, Villeneuve D M, McKellar A R W, Corkum P B, Staudte A 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 153001
Google Scholar
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[16] Dehghany M, McKellar A R W, Afshari M, Moazzen-Ahmadi N 2010 Mol. Phys. 108 2195
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[18] Schriver A, Schriver-Mazzuoli L, Vigasin A A 2000 Vib. Spectrosc. 23 83
Google Scholar
[19] Iskandar W, Gatton A S, Gaire B, Sturm F P, Larsen K A, Champenois E G, Shivaram N, Moradmand A, Williams J B, Berry B, Severt T, Ben-Itzhak I, Metz D, Sann H, Weller M, Schoeffler M, Jahnke T, Dörner R, Slaughter D, Weber Th 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 043414
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[27] Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Dörner R, Jagutzki O, Mergel V, Schmidt-Böcking H, Spielberger L 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 2917
Google Scholar
[28] Neumann N, Hant D, Schmidt L Ph H, Titze J, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Schöffler M S, Kreidi K, Jagutzki O, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 103201
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[31] Singh R K, Lodha G S, Sharma V, Prajapati I A, Subramanian K P, Bapat B 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 022708
Google Scholar
[32] Wu C, Wu C Y, Song D, Su H M, Yang Y D, Wu Z F, Liu X R, Liu H, Li M, Deng Y K, Liu Y Q, Peng L Y, Jiang H B, Gong Q H 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 103601
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[33] Wang E L, Shan X, Shen Z J, Gong M M, Tang Y G, Pan Y, Lau K C, Chen X J 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 052711
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
-
图 1 光离子-光离子-光离子符合谱, 即
$ {\rm{CO_2}} $ 超音速分子束冷靶在光强为$ {\rm{8 \times 10^{14}}} \; {\rm{W/cm^2}} $ 的强飞秒激光场作用下产生的3个碎片离子的关联图. 其中横轴是第2个离子的飞行时间, 纵轴是第1个和第3个离子的飞行时间之和Figure 1. Coincidence spectrum of the time of flight of three correlated fragmentation ions for
$ {\rm{CO_2}} $ gas breakup using intense femtosecond laser field, namely, photoion-photoion-photoion coincidence plot. The X axis is the time of flight for the second ion, whereas the Y axis is the sum of the time of flight for the first and third ions
图 3 两种三体库仑爆炸通道对应的牛顿图 (a)通道Ⅰ对应于序列解离; (b)通道Ⅱ对应于非序列解离
Figure 3. Newton diagrams corresponding to two kinds of three-body Coulomb explosion channels: (a) Channel Ⅰ is sequential breakup; (b) channel Ⅱ is non-sequential fragmentation
图 2 三体库仑爆炸产生的
$ {\rm{CO^ + }} $ 和$ {\rm{O^ + }} $ 离子的动能关联图. 将数据分为两部分以作为通道筛选的条件, 其中红色梯形内的数据记为通道Ⅰ, 此部分数据对应序列解离; 红色圆圈内的数据记为通道Ⅱ, 此部分数据对应非序列解离Figure 2. Kinetic energy correlation diagram of
$ {\rm{CO^ + }} $ and$ {\rm{O^ + }} $ ions generated by three-body Coulomb explosion. We divide the data into two parts, which can be used as the conditions for channel selecting. The data in the red trapezoid is denoted as channel Ⅰ, which is sequential dissociation; and the data in the red circle is denoted as channel Ⅱ, which is non-sequential dissociation
图 4
$ {\rm{(CO_2) }}_{2}^{4 + } $ 离子三体库仑爆炸序列解离通道(黄色正三角线)和非序列解离通道(紫色倒三角线)释放的动能谱, 以及参考通道$ {\rm{(CO_2)_2^{4 + }}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2 + }+ {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2 + } $ (棕色方形线)和$ {\rm{CO_2^{2 + }}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO^ + }} + {\rm{O^ + }} $ (蓝色圆圈线)的动能谱Figure 4. Kinetic energy release of
$ {\rm{(CO_2) }}_{2}^{4 + } $ ion by the three-body Coulomb explosion sequential (yellow triangle line) and nonsequential fragmentation (purple inverted triangular line) channel, and kinetic energy release from reference channels$ {\rm{(CO_2)_2^{4 + }}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2 + } + {\rm{CO}}_{2}^{2 + } $ (brown square line) and$ {\rm{CO_2^{2 + }}} \rightarrow {\rm{CO^ + }} + {\rm{O^ + }} $ (blue circle line) -
[1] Seideman T, Ivanov M Y, Corkum P B 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 2819
Google Scholar
[2] Wu J, Meckel M, Schmidt L Ph H, Kunitski M, Voss S, Sann H, Kim H, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Dörner R 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1113
Google Scholar
[3] Schnorr K, Senftleben A, Kurka M, Rudenko A, Foucar L, Schmid G, Broska A, Pfeifer T, Meyer K, Anielski D, Boll R, Rolles D, Kübel M, Kling M F, Jiang Y H, Mondal S, Tachibana T, Ueda K, Marchenko T, Simon M, Brenner G, Treusch R, Scheit S, Averbukh V, Ullrich J, Schröter C D, Moshammer R 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 093402
Google Scholar
[4] Kim H K, Gassert H, Schöffler M S, Titze J N, Waitz M, Voigtsberger J, Trinter F, Becht J, Kalinin A, Neumann N, Zhou C, Schmidt L Ph H, Jagutzki O, Czasch A, Merabet H, Schmidt-Böcking H, Jahnke T, Cassimi A, Dörner R 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 042707
Google Scholar
[5] Jahnke T, Sann H, Havermeier T, Kreidi K, Stuck C, Meckel M, Schöffler M, Neumann N, Wallauer R, Voss S, Czasch A, Jagutzki O, Malakzadeh A, Afaneh F, Weber T, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 139
Google Scholar
[6] Zhou J Q, Yu X T, Luo S Z, Xue X R, Jia S K, Zhang X Y, Zhao Y T, Hao X T, He L H, Wang C C, Ding D J, Ren X G 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 5335
Google Scholar
[7] Matsumoto J, Leredde A, Fléchard X, Hayakawa K, Shiromaru H, Rangama J, Zhou C L, Guillous S, Hennecart D, Muranaka T, Mery A, Gervais B, Cassimi A 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 263202
Google Scholar
[8] Ren X G, Al Jabbour M E, Dorn A, Denifl S 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11093
Google Scholar
[9] Ulrich B, Vredenborg A, Malakzadeh A, Meckel M, Cole K, Smolarski M, Chang Z, Jahnke T, Dörner R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 013412
Google Scholar
[10] Wu J, Vredenborg A, Ulrich B, Schmidt L Ph H, Meckel M, Voss S, Sann H, Kim H, Jahnke T, Dörner R 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 043003
Google Scholar
[11] von Veltheim A, Manschwetus B, Quan W, Borchers B, Steinmeyer G, Rottke H, Sandner W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 023001
Google Scholar
[12] Amada M, Sato Y, Tsuge M, Hoshina K 2015 Chem. Phys. Lett. 624 24
Google Scholar
[13] Ding X Y, Haertelt M, Schlauderer S, Schuurman M S, Naumov A Y, Villeneuve D M, McKellar A R W, Corkum P B, Staudte A 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 153001
Google Scholar
[14] Gong X C, Heck S, Jelovina D, Perry C, Zinchenko K, Lucchese R, Wörner H J 2022 Nature 609 507
Google Scholar
[15] Wang Y L, Lai X Y, Yu S G, Sun R P, Liu X J, Dorner-Kirchner M, Erattupuzha S, Larimian S, Koch M, Hanus V, Kangaparambil S, Paulus G, Baltuška A, Xie X H, Kitzler-Zeiler M 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 063202
Google Scholar
[16] Dehghany M, McKellar A R W, Afshari M, Moazzen-Ahmadi N 2010 Mol. Phys. 108 2195
Google Scholar
[17] Xie X G, Wu C, Liu Y R, Huang W, Deng Y K, Liu Y Q, Gong Q H, Wu C Y 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 033411
Google Scholar
[18] Schriver A, Schriver-Mazzuoli L, Vigasin A A 2000 Vib. Spectrosc. 23 83
Google Scholar
[19] Iskandar W, Gatton A S, Gaire B, Sturm F P, Larsen K A, Champenois E G, Shivaram N, Moradmand A, Williams J B, Berry B, Severt T, Ben-Itzhak I, Metz D, Sann H, Weller M, Schoeffler M, Jahnke T, Dörner R, Slaughter D, Weber Th 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 043414
Google Scholar
[20] Song P, Zhu Y L, Yang Y, Wang X W, Meng C S, Zhao J, Liu J L, Lv Z H, Zhang D W, Zhao Z X, Yuan J M 2022 Phys. Rev. A 106 023109
Google Scholar
[21] Lin K, Hu X Q, Pan S Z, Chen F, Ji Q Y, Zhang W B, Li H X, Qiang J J, Sun F H, Gong X C, Li H, Lu P F, Wang J G, Wu Y, Wu J 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 3129
Google Scholar
[22] Rajput J, Severt T, Berry B, Jochim B, Feizollah P, Kaderiya B, Zohrabi M, Ablikim U, Ziaee F, Raju P K, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Carnes K D, Esry B D, Ben-Itzhak I 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 103001
Google Scholar
[23] Yu X T, Zhang X Y, Hu X Q, Zhao X N, Ren D X, Li X K, Ma P, Wang C C, Wu Y, Luo S Z, Ding D J 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 023001
Google Scholar
[24] Fan Y M, Wu C Y, Xie X G, Wang P, Zhong X Q, Shao Y, Sun X F, Liu Y Q, Gong Q H 2016 Chem. Phys. Lett. 653 108
Google Scholar
[25] Song P, Wang X W, Meng C S, Dong W P, Li Y J, Lv Z H, Zhang D W, Zhao Z X, Yuan J M 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 053427
Google Scholar
[26] Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Dorn A, Dörner R, Schmidt L P H, Schmidt-Böcking H 2003 Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 1463
Google Scholar
[27] Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Dörner R, Jagutzki O, Mergel V, Schmidt-Böcking H, Spielberger L 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 2917
Google Scholar
[28] Neumann N, Hant D, Schmidt L Ph H, Titze J, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Schöffler M S, Kreidi K, Jagutzki O, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 103201
Google Scholar
[29] Pitzer M, Kunitski M, Johnson A S, Jahnke T, Sann H, Sturm F, Schmidt L Ph H, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R, Stohner J, Kiedrowski J, Reggelin M, Marquardt S, Schiesser A, Berger R, Schoeffler M S 2013 Science 341 1096
Google Scholar
[30] Lu C X, Shi M H, Pan S Z, Zhou L R, Qiang J J, Lu P F, Zhang W B, Wu J 2023 J. Chem. Phys. 158 094302
Google Scholar
[31] Singh R K, Lodha G S, Sharma V, Prajapati I A, Subramanian K P, Bapat B 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 022708
Google Scholar
[32] Wu C, Wu C Y, Song D, Su H M, Yang Y D, Wu Z F, Liu X R, Liu H, Li M, Deng Y K, Liu Y Q, Peng L Y, Jiang H B, Gong Q H 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 103601
Google Scholar
[33] Wang E L, Shan X, Shen Z J, Gong M M, Tang Y G, Pan Y, Lau K C, Chen X J 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 052711
Google Scholar
[34] Jana M R, Ghosh P N, Bapat B, Kushawaha R K, Saha K, Prajapati I A, Safvan C P 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 062715
Google Scholar
[35] Wu C Y, Wu C, Fan Y M, Xie X G, Wang P, Deng Y K, Liu Y Q, Gong Q H 2015 J. Chem. Phys. 142 124303
Google Scholar
[36] Xie X G, Wu C Y, Yuan Z Q, Ye D F, Wang P, Deng Y K, Fu L B, Liu J, Liu Y Q, Gong Q H 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 023417
Google Scholar
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