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Under illumination of a femtosecond laser pulse on the Pt/CoFe/Ta trilayer heterostructure, an impulsive spin current can be generated in the ferromagnetic layer due to the ultrafast demagnetization. The spin current is super-diffusively transported and injected into the neighboring heavy metal layers, and is converted into the transversal charge current due to the spin-orbit coupling, which is named inverse spin Hall effect. The transient charge current on a time scale of sub-picosecond gives rise to the electromagnetic radiation in the far-infrared range to the free space. In this work, we demonstrate two kinds of experiments to investigate the modulation of far-infrared emission by photo-thermal effect, which is due to the thermal energy deposed by light pulses on a short timescales. First, the amplitude of the emitted far-infrared pulse as a function of an applied magnetic field is measured, which shows a far-infrared hysteresis behavior. The coercive field of the sample obtained by far-infrared hysteresis is smaller than that obtained by the M-H hysteresis through vibrating sample magnetometer. In addition, the coercive field decreases with pump laser fluence increasing. Second, the control of spin polarization on an ultrafast timescale in the presence of a small magnetic field applied oppositely to that of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic sample. The amplitude of far-infrared time-domain signal reaches a maximum value at a pump fluence of 1.43 mJ/cm2. For the pump fluence larger than 1.43 mJ/cm2, the far-infrared pulse experiences a phase reversal. After the reversal, a decrease of the laser pump fluence cannot restore the original phase of the far-infrared pulse. The above two experimental results not only elucidate the photothermal effect of femtosecond laser pulses, but also provide a new method for controlling the far-infrared radiation pulses based on ultrafast spintronics. These results demonstrate that far-infrared emission spectroscopy can be used as an ultrafast optical method to investigate magnetic properties, such as the coercive field and anisotropy field of the samples.
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Keywords:
- photo-thermal effect /
- magnetic hysteresis loop /
- far-infrared pulse emission spectroscopy /
- far-infrared pulse modulation
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图 1 (a) 基于Pt/CoFe/Ta三层膜异质结的远红外脉冲辐射光谱示意图, 自旋流
$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}1} $ 和$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}2} $ 分别从CoFe层注入到Pt和Ta层,$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{c}}1} $ 和$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{c}}2} $ 分别为Pt和Ta层中由自旋流$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}1} $ 和$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}2} $ 转化成的电荷流, M为磁化强度, CoFe层中的红色实箭头表示退磁区域外的磁化强度, 红色虚箭头表示退磁区域内的磁化强度; (b)电光取样远红外脉冲的探测系统示意图(QWP为1/4波片, WP为沃拉斯顿棱镜, BP为平衡光电探测器)Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of far-infrared pulse emission spectroscopy based on Pt/CoFe/Ta three-layer heterostructure. The spin currents
$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}1} $ and$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}2} $ are injected from CoFe layer into both Pt and Ta layers;$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{c}}1} $ and$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{c}}2} $ are the charge currents converted from the spin currents$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}1} $ and$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{{\rm{s}}2} $ in Pt and Ta layers, respectively. M is the magnetization of the CoFe layer. The red solid arrow in the CoFe layer indicates the magnetization outside the demagnetization area, and the red dashed arrow indicates the magnetization within the demagnetization area. (b) Schematic diagram of electro-optical sampling system for probing the far-infrared pulse (QWP, quarter-wave plate; WP, Wollaston prism; BP, balanced photodetector).
图 2 (a) 正/反向磁场下Pt/CoFe/Ta三层膜异质结的远红外脉冲发射信号; (b) 经傅里叶变化得到的归一化振幅谱
Figure 2. (a) Far-infrared pulse emission of Pt/CoFe/Ta three-layer heterostructures under ±H; (b) normalized far-infrared amplitude spectra by Fourier transform.
图 3 (a) 不同磁场下Pt/CoFe/Ta三层膜异质结的远红外发射脉冲时域信号, 为了清晰区分实验数据, 实验数据均垂直移动; (b)对(a)图的时域信号进行傅里叶变化得到的振幅谱; (c)两种抽运光能量密度下, 样品产生的远红外辐射脉冲振幅随外加磁场的变化曲线, 蓝色实心圆和红色空心圆分别代表抽运激光能量密度为1.22和2.04 mJ/cm2时的实验结果, 绿色实线为VSM测量得到样品的磁滞回线
Figure 3. (a) Time domain signals of far-infrared emission from Pt/CoFe/Ta three-layer heterostructures under different magnetic fields. For clarity, all experimental data are shifted vertically according to the H. (b) The frequency-domain spectra of Pt/CoFe/Ta with different H, as calculated by fast Fourier transform from (a). (c) The amplitudes of far-infrared emitted pulses as functions of the applied magnetic field, measured at two pump fluences. The blue solid circles and the red hollow circles represent the experimental results measured at 1.22 and 2.04 mJ/cm2, respectively. The green solid line is the magnetic hysteresis loop of the Pt/CoFe/Ta characterized by VSM.
图 4 (a) 外加与样品磁化方向相反的小磁场时, 激光脉冲诱导Pt/CoFe/Ta异质结辐射远红外脉冲相位反转实验示意图; 不同抽运光能量密度下的远红外脉冲的(b)时域信号和(c)频域振幅谱, 抽运激光的能量密度改变范围为0.20—2.04 mJ/cm2; (d) H = –60 Oe时, 随着激光抽运能量密度的增大, 远红外辐射脉冲的振幅在1.43 mJ/cm2时达到峰值, 当激光脉冲能量密度继续增大, 远红外辐射脉冲的相位发生反转
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of phase reversal of emitted far-infrared pulse generation when a small magnetic field opposite to the magnetization orientation of the sample is applied. (b) The time domain signal and (c) frequency-domain spectra measured under different pump fluences in a range of 0.20–2.04 mJ/cm2. (d) The amplitude of far-infrared time-domain signal reaches the maximum at a pump fluence of 1.43 mJ/cm2. When the pump fluence is larger than 1.43 mJ/cm2, the far-infrared pulse experiences a phase reversal.
图 5 (a) 外加磁场驱动的自旋翻转; (b)光热效应辅助磁场驱动自旋翻转示意图
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of spin switching induced by external magnetic field; (b) the photo-thermal assisted spin reversal by external magnetic field.
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