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The scattering measurement of particulates in gaseous medium is helpful in understanding light transmission, laser detection, combustion radiation and atmospheric environment. In order to explore the scattering characteristics of micron-/nano-sized particles, this paper proposes a method of accurately measuring the scattering intensity distribution of a single micron-sized particles/nanoclusters by combining laser levitation and scattering measurement. An experimental apparatus is first built based on the counter-propagated bi-Bessel beams levitation system and scattering test system. The microparticles/nanoclusters of various matters and sizes are then levitated and their stabilities are evaluated. Finally, the scattering intensity distribution of levitated particles within 2π scattering angle is accurately measured with an angular resolution of 9.2″. The forces acting on particles under laser irradiation and the scattering intensity distribution of different particle parameters are simulated and calculated, and compared with experimental results. The influence of noise on the uncertainty of the scattering measurement system is analyzed in depth, including background light, laser beam, and reflected light from the walls. The results show that the signal-to-noise ratio of scattering measurement for metallic magnesium and aluminum, whether single particles or clusters, are both greater than 20 dB and their maximum values are both 94.6 dB in a range of 2π angle. For graphite nanoclusters, the signal-to-noise ratio in the backscattering direction is relatively poor. The influence of levitation instability on the scattering measurement results is estimated in detail, verifying that the influence of levitation instability in the test system on the scattering measurement is ignorable. Metallic magnesium, aluminum, and graphite particles can be stably levitated by the counter-propagated bi-Bessel beams, with a relative instability of less than 0.15. During the levitation, the photophoretic force plays a dominant role. The scattering intensity distribution of a single micron-sized particles and nanoclusters both conform to the scattering characteristics of Mie particles. Microparticles with large refractive index imaginary parts have stronger forward scattering characteristics. The larger the particle size parameter, the stronger the forward scattering effect becomes. The accurate measurement of the scattering intensity distribution of a single microparticles confirms the versatility and reliability of the levitation scattering test system, providing a new research method for in-depth understanding of the scattering characteristics of substances.
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Keywords:
- laser levitation /
- Mie scattering /
- individual microparticle /
- nanocluster
[1] Sioutas C, Kim S, Chang M, Terrell L L, Gong H 2000 Atmos. Environ. 34 4829
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang H, Nie W, Liang Y, Chen J, Peng H 2021 Opt. Laser. Eng. 144 106642
Google Scholar
[3] Minton A P 2016 Anal. Biochem. 501 4
Google Scholar
[4] 张宇微, 颜燕, 农大官, 徐春华, 李明 2016 65 218702
Google Scholar
Zhang Y W, Yan Y, Nong D G, Xu C H, Li M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 218702
Google Scholar
[5] 王清华, 张颖颖, 来建成, 李振华, 贺安之 2007 56 1203
Google Scholar
Wang Q H, Zhang Y Y, Lai J C, Li Z H, He A Z 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 1203
Google Scholar
[6] Collins M, Kauppila A, Karmenyan A, Gajewski L, Szewczyk K, Kinnunen M, Myllylä R 2010 Laser Applications in Life Sciences Oulu, Finland, June 9–11, 2010 p737619
[7] Ashkin A 1970 Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 156
Google Scholar
[8] Omori R, Kobayashi T, Suzuki A 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 816
Google Scholar
[9] Esseling M, Rose P, Alpmann C, Denz C 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 131
[10] Huisken J, Stelzer E H K 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 1223
Google Scholar
[11] Meresman H, Wills J B, Summers M, McGloin D, Reid J P 2009 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 11333
Google Scholar
[12] Pan Y L, Hill S C, Coleman M 2012 Opt. Express 20 5325
Google Scholar
[13] Gong Z, Pan Y L, Wang C 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 156
[14] Gong Z, Pan Y L, Videen G, Wang C 2017 Chem. Phys. Lett. 689 100
Google Scholar
[15] 黄雪峰, 李盛姬, 周东辉, 赵冠军, 王关晴, 徐江荣 2014 63 178802
Google Scholar
Huang X F, Li S J, Zhou D H, Zhao G J, Wang G Q, Xu J R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 178802
Google Scholar
[16] Grehan G, Gouesbet G 1980 Appl. Opt. 19 2485
Google Scholar
[17] 付成花 2017 66 097301
Google Scholar
Fu C H 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 097301
Google Scholar
[18] Gouesbet G 2019 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 225 258
Google Scholar
[19] Misconi N Y, Oliver J P, Ratcliff K F, Rusk E T, Wang W X 1990 Appl. Opt. 29 2276
Google Scholar
[20] Nieminen T A, Loke V L Y, Stilgoe A B, Knöner G, Brańczyk A M, Heckenberg N R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 2007 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9 S196
Google Scholar
[21] Palm K J, Murray J B, Narayan T C, Munday J N 2018 ACS Photonics 5 4677
Google Scholar
[22] McPeak K M, Jayanti S V, Kress S J, Meyer S, Iotti S, Rossinelli A, Norris D J 2015 ACS Photonics 2 326
Google Scholar
[23] Querry M R 1985 Optical Constants Contractor Report CRDCCR-85034
[24] Mackowski D W 1989 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 32 843
Google Scholar
[25] Talbot L, Cheng R K, Schefer R W, Willis D R 1980 J. Fluid Mech. 101 737
Google Scholar
[26] Redding B, Hill S C, Alexson D, Wang C, Pan Y L 2015 Opt. Express 23 3630
Google Scholar
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图 1 激光悬浮的微粒粒子/纳米团簇散射光强分布测量实验装置示意图 (a) 光学结构; (b) 机械机构
Figure 1. Schematic of experimental setup for measuring scattered light intensity distribution of laser levitated microparticles/nanoclusters: (a) The optical structure; (b) the mechanical structure.
图 2 相对不稳定度的数据处理流程图
Figure 2. Flow chart of relative instability data processing.
图 3 (a) 散射强度的原始信号; (b) 滤波后的信号; (c) 散射强度分布的矢极图
Figure 3. (a) Raw signals of scattering intensity; (b) filtered signals; (c) contour of scattering intensity distribution in polar coordinates.
图 4 (a) 镁粒子的扫描电镜图; (b) 悬浮镁粒子的波动性; (c) 20次重复测量的信号
Figure 4. (a) SEM picture of Mg microparticle; (b) fluctuation of levitated Mg microparticle; (c) signals of 20 repetitive measurements.
图 5 (a) 第一组镁粒子的悬浮图; (b) 第一组镁粒子的散射强度分布矢极图; (c) 第二组镁粒子的悬浮图; (d) 第二组镁粒子的散射强度分布矢极图
Figure 5. (a) A picture of the first levitated Mg microparticle; (b) contour of scattering intensity distribution of the first levitated Mg microparticle in polar coordinates; (c) the picture of the second levitated Mg microparticle; (d) contour of scattering intensity distribution of the second levitated Mg microparticle in polar coordinates.
图 6 (a) 纳米铝团簇的悬浮图; (b) 纳米铝团簇的散射强度分布矢极图; (c) 纳米石墨团簇的悬浮图; (d) 纳米石墨团簇的散射强度分布矢极图
Figure 6. (a) The picture of levitated Al nanocluster; (b) contour of scattering intensity distribution of levitated Al nanocluster in polar coordinates; (c) the picture of levitated graphite nanocluster; (d) contour of scattering intensity distribution of levitated graphite nanocluster in polar coordinates.
图 7 激光作用于空气中粒子的受力示意图
Figure 7. Schematic of the force exerted by laser on microparticles in the air.
图 8 粒子波动对散射测量影响的示意图
Figure 8. Schematic of the influence of microparticle fluctuation on scattering test.
图 9 (a) 环境光信号; (b) 加入滤光片前后悬浮激光散射信号; (c) 粒子悬浮前后悬浮激光散射信号; (d) 标准工况下散射信号与其他信号
Figure 9. (a) Signal from background light; (b) laser scattering signals adding filters or not; (c) laser scattering signals of levitated microparticle or not; (d) scattering signals and other signals under standard operating conditions.
图 10 散射强度测量信噪比矢极图 (a) 第一组镁粒子; (b) 第二组镁粒子; (c) 纳米铝团簇; (d) 纳米石墨团簇
Figure 10. Contour of signal-to-noise ratio of scattering intensity measurement in polar coordinates: (a) The first levitated Mg microparticle; (b) the second levitated Mg microparticle; (c) levitated Al nanocluster; (d) levitated graphite nanocluster.
图 11 球形粒子的散射强度分布(α = 25) (a) 水; (b) 镁; (c) 铝; (d) 石墨
Figure 11. Contour of scattering intensity distribution of spherical microparticles in polar coordinates: (a) Water; (b) Mg; (c) Al; (d) graphite.
图 12 不同尺寸参数对散射强度的影响 (a) α = 2.5 (水); (b) α = 12.5 (水); (c) α = 25 (水); (d) α = 2.5 (Mg); (e) α = 12.5 (Mg); (f) α = 25 (Mg)
Figure 12. Effect of different size parameters on scattering intensity: (a) α = 2.5 (water); (b) α = 12.5 (water); (c) α = 25 (water); (d) α = 2.5 (Mg); (e) α = 12.5 (Mg); (f) α = 25 (Mg).
表 1 金属镁、铝和石墨粒子受激光作用时的光泳力和辐射压力
Table 1. Photophorestic force and radiation pressure of Mg, Al, and graphite microparticles exerted by the laser beam.
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[1] Sioutas C, Kim S, Chang M, Terrell L L, Gong H 2000 Atmos. Environ. 34 4829
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang H, Nie W, Liang Y, Chen J, Peng H 2021 Opt. Laser. Eng. 144 106642
Google Scholar
[3] Minton A P 2016 Anal. Biochem. 501 4
Google Scholar
[4] 张宇微, 颜燕, 农大官, 徐春华, 李明 2016 65 218702
Google Scholar
Zhang Y W, Yan Y, Nong D G, Xu C H, Li M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 218702
Google Scholar
[5] 王清华, 张颖颖, 来建成, 李振华, 贺安之 2007 56 1203
Google Scholar
Wang Q H, Zhang Y Y, Lai J C, Li Z H, He A Z 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 1203
Google Scholar
[6] Collins M, Kauppila A, Karmenyan A, Gajewski L, Szewczyk K, Kinnunen M, Myllylä R 2010 Laser Applications in Life Sciences Oulu, Finland, June 9–11, 2010 p737619
[7] Ashkin A 1970 Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 156
Google Scholar
[8] Omori R, Kobayashi T, Suzuki A 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 816
Google Scholar
[9] Esseling M, Rose P, Alpmann C, Denz C 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 131
[10] Huisken J, Stelzer E H K 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 1223
Google Scholar
[11] Meresman H, Wills J B, Summers M, McGloin D, Reid J P 2009 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 11333
Google Scholar
[12] Pan Y L, Hill S C, Coleman M 2012 Opt. Express 20 5325
Google Scholar
[13] Gong Z, Pan Y L, Wang C 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 156
[14] Gong Z, Pan Y L, Videen G, Wang C 2017 Chem. Phys. Lett. 689 100
Google Scholar
[15] 黄雪峰, 李盛姬, 周东辉, 赵冠军, 王关晴, 徐江荣 2014 63 178802
Google Scholar
Huang X F, Li S J, Zhou D H, Zhao G J, Wang G Q, Xu J R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 178802
Google Scholar
[16] Grehan G, Gouesbet G 1980 Appl. Opt. 19 2485
Google Scholar
[17] 付成花 2017 66 097301
Google Scholar
Fu C H 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 097301
Google Scholar
[18] Gouesbet G 2019 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 225 258
Google Scholar
[19] Misconi N Y, Oliver J P, Ratcliff K F, Rusk E T, Wang W X 1990 Appl. Opt. 29 2276
Google Scholar
[20] Nieminen T A, Loke V L Y, Stilgoe A B, Knöner G, Brańczyk A M, Heckenberg N R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 2007 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9 S196
Google Scholar
[21] Palm K J, Murray J B, Narayan T C, Munday J N 2018 ACS Photonics 5 4677
Google Scholar
[22] McPeak K M, Jayanti S V, Kress S J, Meyer S, Iotti S, Rossinelli A, Norris D J 2015 ACS Photonics 2 326
Google Scholar
[23] Querry M R 1985 Optical Constants Contractor Report CRDCCR-85034
[24] Mackowski D W 1989 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 32 843
Google Scholar
[25] Talbot L, Cheng R K, Schefer R W, Willis D R 1980 J. Fluid Mech. 101 737
Google Scholar
[26] Redding B, Hill S C, Alexson D, Wang C, Pan Y L 2015 Opt. Express 23 3630
Google Scholar
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