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With the continuous development of mobile internet, cloud computing, Internet of things, and 5G, the annual growth rate of the existing communication transmission capacity is far from meeting the growing demand. The gain bandwidth of L-band erbium-doped fiber amplification (EDFA) has become the main factor for limiting the bandwidth extension. Owing to its negative effect on the gain and noise figure after 1580 nm, the excited state absorption (ESA) is regarded as a key factor that directly limits the L-band expansion of EDFA. If the ESA coefficient has the same value as the stimulated emission coefficient, the net gain coefficient becomes zero. At the same time, signal amplification cannot be obtained no matter how the pump power and fiber length are adjusted. Improvements from the perspective of erbium-doped fibers, such as changing the host glass and doping components, are extremely beneficial to L-band extension based on simple amplifier configurations. In the present study, an erbium-doped fiber extended to the L-band is fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition technology. The saturation curve of the fiber is measured, and then the rate of clustering is obtained. In addition, the absorption coefficient and emission coefficient of the fiber are tested by the truncation method, then the effect of ESA is studied. We demonstrate that modulating the ratio of P to Al in the fiber core has a significant inhibitory effect on the ESA of Er3+. To better characterize the amplification performance of the fiber, a single-stage and a multi-stage amplifier system are built respectively. At an input signal injection with a power value of –9 dBm, the fiber exhibits a gain of 10.5 dB with a maximum noise figure of 5.9 dB at 1625.3 nm, based on a single-stage amplifier system under a 980 nm forward-pumping excitation. It indicates that the amplification performance of the fiber in the long-wavelength has improved, which is consistent with the conclusion of the suppression effect on the ESA. By optimizing the fiber length for the first, second and third stage to 19 m, 26 m and 10 m, respectively, a gain of 23.4 dB is obtained at the longest wavelength. The maximum noise figure is 6.3 dB, and the saturation output power is 24.8 dBm. In the meantime, the pump conversion efficiency arrives at 13%. This is the first report on the L-band extended silicate-based erbium-doped fiber that can achieve long-wavelength gain extension to 1625.3 nm.
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Keywords:
- optics fiber communications /
- extended L-band erbium-doped fiber amplification /
- erbium-doped fiber /
- excited state absorption
[1] Peter J W, David T N, Andrew R C 2018 Optics Express 26 18
Google Scholar
[2] 余少华, 何炜 2020 中国科学: 信息科学 50 9
Yu S H, He W 2020 Science in China (Information Sciences) 50 9
[3] 阮江冉, 裴丽, 郑晶晶, 王建帅, 徐文轩, 李晶, 宁提纲 2022 光学学报 42 8
Google Scholar
Ruan J R, Pei L, Zheng J J, Wang J S, Xu W X, Li J, Ning T G 2022 Acta Opti. Sin. 42 8
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[8] Amin M Z, Qureshi K K, Hossain M M 2019 Chin. Optics Lett. 17 1
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[9] Mori A, Ohishi Y, Yamada M, Ono H, Sudo S 2002 European Conference on Optical Communications Edinburgh, United Kingdom, September 22–25, 1997 p135
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[12] Yamashita T, Yoshida M, Tanaka H 2002 Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exhibit California, United States, March 17, 2002 pThJ1
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Google Scholar
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图 1 铒离子能级跃迁图
Figure 1. Energy level diagram of Er3+.
图 2 (a) 预制棒折射率剖面; (b) 光纤截面图
Figure 2. (a) Refractive index difference profile of the perform; (b) cross-sectional microscope images of the fiber.
图 3 掺铒光纤放大系统结构图 (a) 单级放大结构; (b) 多级放大结构
Figure 3. Structure of EDFA: (a) One-stage amplification system; (b) multi-stage amplification system.
图 4 掺铒光纤增益和噪声谱 (a) 单级放大结构; (b) 多级放大结构
Figure 4. Gain and noise spectrum of the erbium-doped fiber: (a) One-stage amplification system; (b) multi-stage amplification system.
图 5 掺铒光纤参数对比结果 (a) 光纤饱和曲线; (b) 本文光纤吸收系数、发射系数和ESA系数谱; (c) 常规L波段掺铒光纤吸收系数、发射系数和ESA系数谱
Figure 5. Comparison of erbium-doped fiber basic parameters: (a) Saturation curve of fiber; (b) optical fiber absorption coefficient, emission coefficient and ESA coefficient spectrum in this paper; (c) spectrum of absorption coefficient, emission coefficient and ESA coefficient of conventional L-band erbium-doped fiber.
表 1 国内外L波段扩展EDFA研究进展
Table 1. Research progress of L-band extended EDFA.
年份 机构 基质材料 掺杂离子 扩展波长/nm 文献 1997 NTT (Japan) fluoride Er 1620.0 [9] 2001 Corning (USA) antimony silicate Er 1620.0 [10] 2002 NTT (Japan) tellurite Er 1610.0 [11] 2002 KDDI (Japan) silicate Er/P/Al 1616.1 [12] 2003 PolyU (China HK) bismuthate Er/La 1620.0 [13] 2002 Corning (USA) silicate Er/Al 1620.0 [14] 2005 BJTU (China) silicate Er/Al/Mg 1610.0 [15] 2008 NTT (Japan) silicate Er/P 1619.6 [6] 2010 Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (India) silicate Er/Al/Zr/Y 1605.0 [16] 2021 HUST (China) silicate Er/Ce 1623.0 [17] 2021 HUST (China) silicate Er/Yb/P 1623.0 [18] 2022 HUST (China) silicate Er/P/Al 1625.3 This work 
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表 2 光纤基本参数
Table 2. Basic characteristics of fiber.
数值
孔径吸收系数
@980 nm dB/m吸收系数
@1536 nm dB/m发射系数
@1536 nm dB/m背景损耗
@1200 nm dB/m团簇率/% 0.19 10.57 48.20 45.60 18.00 2.42
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[1] Peter J W, David T N, Andrew R C 2018 Optics Express 26 18
Google Scholar
[2] 余少华, 何炜 2020 中国科学: 信息科学 50 9
Yu S H, He W 2020 Science in China (Information Sciences) 50 9
[3] 阮江冉, 裴丽, 郑晶晶, 王建帅, 徐文轩, 李晶, 宁提纲 2022 光学学报 42 8
Google Scholar
Ruan J R, Pei L, Zheng J J, Wang J S, Xu W X, Li J, Ning T G 2022 Acta Opti. Sin. 42 8
Google Scholar
[4] Lei C M, Feng H L, Wang L X, Messaddeq Y, Larochelle S 2020 Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exhibit California, United States, March 8–12, 2020 pW1C.2
[5] Durak F E, Altuncu A 2017 Optics Commun. 386 31
Google Scholar
[6] Masuda H, Miyamoto Y 2008 Electr. Lett. 44 1082
Google Scholar
[7] Fujiwara M, Koma R, Suzuki K I, Otaka A 2016 J. Lightwave Technol. 34 8
Google Scholar
[8] Amin M Z, Qureshi K K, Hossain M M 2019 Chin. Optics Lett. 17 1
Google Scholar
[9] Mori A, Ohishi Y, Yamada M, Ono H, Sudo S 2002 European Conference on Optical Communications Edinburgh, United Kingdom, September 22–25, 1997 p135
[10] Ellison A J G, Goforth D E, Samson B N, Minelly J D, Trentelman J P, McEnroe D L 2001 Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exhibit California, United States, March 17, 2001 pTuA2
[11] Mori A, Sakamoto T, Kobayashi K, Shikamo K, Oikawa K, Hoshino K, Kanamori T, Ohishi Y, Shizumu M 2002 J. Lightwave Technol. 20 5
Google Scholar
[12] Yamashita T, Yoshida M, Tanaka H 2002 Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exhibit California, United States, March 17, 2002 pThJ1
[13] Guan B O, Tam H Y, Liu S Y, Wai P K A, Sugimoto N 2003 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15 11
Google Scholar
[14] Li Q, Fortusini D, Benjamin S D, Qi G, Kelkar P V, da Silva V L 2002 Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exhibit California, United States, March 17, 2002 pThJ4
[15] Fu Y J, Zheng K, Jian W, Jian S S 2005 Chin. Opt. Lett. 3 4
[16] Paul M C, Harun S W, Huri N A D, Hamzah A, Das S, Pal M, Bhzdra S K, Ahmad H, Yoo S, Kalita M P, Boyland A J, Sahu J K 2010 J. Lightwave Technol. 28 20
Google Scholar
[17] Lou Y, Chen Y, Gu Z M, Qiu Q, He L, Xing Y B, Peng J G, Li H Q, Chu Y B, Dai N L, Li J Y 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 18
Google Scholar
[18] Chen Y, Lou Y, Gu Z M, Qiu Q, He L, Li W Z, Yin X K, Zhao X Y, Liu S K, Peng J G, Li H Q, Xing Y B, Chu Y B, Dai N L, Li J Y 2021 Optics Express. 46 23
Google Scholar
[19] McCumber D E 1964 Phys. Rev. 136 4A
Google Scholar
[20] Brow R K 2000 J. Non-Crystalline Solids 263 1
Google Scholar
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