Experimental methodology of water cluster doping

Huang Chuan-Fu

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210478

Abstract

Water is one of the most common molecules in space and is also most valuable substance resource for living activities on earth. Studying water clusters plays an important role in actually utilizing water resources. Meanwhile, water clusters can be used as an ideal water microscopic model, which can expand the development of physical and chemical basic science, for example, it can provide the reference for investigating the size-dependent dissociation properties and interactions between solvents and solutes. On the other hand, the gas-phase mixed acidic water clusters have aroused great interest in recent years. For instance, One has been seeking for the smallest energy structure of pure water clusters and doped acidic molecular water clusters, experimentally and theoretically. In short, doping with foreign molecules or atoms can significantly enlarge the scope of scientific research on water clusters. Currently, there are many approaches to doping water clusters experimentally. This review briefly summarizes these means and compares the characteristics of various doping methods to help researchers to apply water cluster doping experiments more effectively.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Huang Chuan-Fu

School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Corresponding author: Huang Chuan-Fu, chuanfuh@cumt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12004424, 11847012)

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References

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[49]	Vacher J R, Duc E L, Fitaire M 1994 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 135 139 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 (a) 水团簇源装置图, 其中标红的3个部分构成了共膨胀掺杂水团簇的基本条件, 即包括可盛入纯水或混合液体的广口瓶、装载管、水团簇源; (b) 实验将甲醇和纯水以约1∶5的体积比混合, 经过超声膨胀, 获得的水-甲醇混合团簇质谱, 尽管甲醇相比于水含量较小, 但是从图上可看出水-甲醇混合团簇的信号却远强于纯水团簇的信号(红色箭头标记处为纯水团簇峰); 插图(c)是75—125 amu质量范围内的质谱放大图^[46], 其版权已获得Nature Springer的许可

Figure 1. (a) Diagram of water cluster source chamber, in which the three parts marked in red constitute the basic conditions for co-expanding to attain doped water clusters, including a jar that can be filled with pure water or mixed liquid, a loading tube, and a water cluster source. (b) In the experiment, methanol and pure water were mixed in a volume ratio of about 1∶5, and after supersonic expansion, the mass spectrum of the water-methanol mixed cluster was obtained. The content of methanol was much less than water, but the signal of water-methanol mixed clusters is much stronger than that of pure water clusters (the red arrow indicates the pure water cluster peak); The inset (c) is an enlarged drawing of the mass spectrum in the mass range of 75–125 amu^[46], which is reprinted by the permission of Nature Springer.

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图 2 拾取腔通常放置于次级飞行腔, 如图中红色字体标注

Figure 2. Pickup cell is usually placed in the secondary flight chamber, as marked in red fonts.

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图 3 (a)是毛细管掺杂装置图; 基于毛细管方法, (b)为获得的DCl与水团簇的混合质谱; (c)和(d)分别为CH₃OH和NH₃掺杂后水团簇的质谱, 这两种分子气体似乎很难应用毛细管方法掺杂进水团簇中. 其中图(b)和(c)引自参考文献[46], 其版权已获得Nature Springer的许可

Figure 3. (a) Design diagram of the capillary with the water cluster source. Based on the capillary method, panel (b) is the obtained mixed mass spectrum of DC1 and water clusters; panel (c) and (d) are the mass spectra of water clusters after doped with CH₃OH and NH₃, respectively. These two molecular gases seem hardly doping into water clusters by the capillary methods. Panels (b) and (c) are cited from Ref. [46], which are reprinted here by the permission of Nature Springer.

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表 1 四种掺杂水团簇方法的特点总结

Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of four water cluster doping methods.

掺杂方法	共膨胀	拾取腔	毛细管	氦团簇拾取
特性	被掺杂的原子或分子处于水团簇结构内部	被掺杂的原子或分子处于水团簇表面	外来分子或原子径向速度可忽略不计	可获得基态结构的混合水团簇
优点	信号强度高、搭建成本较低廉	适用于不同气体及具有较低熔点的金属等	设计搭建简单、维护成本低廉	应用性广, 可掺杂具有较高熔点的金属等
缺点	仅适用于低温或易溶解的被掺杂物质	信号强度低、设计搭建及维护成本较高	仅适用于HCl、DCl等酸性气体的掺杂	技术要求高、设计搭建及维护成本昂贵

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[1]	de Heer W A 1993 Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 611 Google Scholar
[2]	Brack M 1993 Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 677 Google Scholar
[3]	王广厚 2003 团簇物理学 (上海: 科学出版社) 第1−3页 Wang G H 2003 Cluster Physics (Shanghai: Scientific and Technical Publishers) pp1−3 (in Chinese)
[4]	Baletto F, Ferrando R 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 371 Google Scholar
[5]	Johnston R L 2002 Atomic and Molecular Clusters (London: CRC Press) pp2, 3
[6]	Kolb C E, Jayne J T, Worsnop D R, Molina M J, Meads R F, Viggiano A V 1994 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 10314 Google Scholar
[7]	Carlon H R 1979 Infrared Phys. 19 549 Google Scholar
[8]	Carlon H R 1984 J. Phys. D 17 1221 Google Scholar
[9]	Pugliano N, Saykally R J 1992 Science 257 1937 Google Scholar
[10]	Saykally R J, Blake G A 1993 Science 259 1570 Google Scholar
[11]	Saykally R J, Liu K, Cruzan J D 1996 Science 271 929 Google Scholar
[12]	Cruzan J D, Braly L B, Liu K, Brown M G, Loeser J G, Saykally R J 1996 Science 271 59 Google Scholar
[13]	Liu K, Brown M G, Cruzan J D, Saykally R J 1996 Science 271 62 Google Scholar
[14]	Zho C C, Vlček V, Neuhauser D, Schwartz B J 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 5173 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang X W, Jie J L, Song D, Su H M 2020 J. Phys. Chem. A 124 6076 Google Scholar
[16]	Miyazaki M, Naito A, Ikeda T, Klyne J, Sakota K, Sekiya H, Dopfer O, Fujii M 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 3079 Google Scholar
[17]	Bourgalais J, Roussel V, Capron M, Benidar A, Jasper A W, Klippenstein S J, Biennier L, Le Picard S D 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 113401 Google Scholar
[18]	Guo J, Cao D Y, Chen J, Bian K, Xu L M, Wang E G, Jiang Y 2020 J. Chem. Phys. 152 234301 Google Scholar
[19]	Rognoni A, Conte R, Ceotto M 2021 Chem. Sci. 12 2060 Google Scholar
[20]	Lengyel J, Pysanenko A, Poterya V, Slavíček P, Fárník M, Kočišek J, Fedor J 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 113401 Google Scholar
[21]	Shin J W, Hammer N I, Diken E G, Johnson M A, Walters R S, Jaeger T D, Duncan M A, Christie R A, Jordan K D 2004 Science 304 1137 Google Scholar
[22]	Yu Q, Bowman J M 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 10984 Google Scholar
[23]	Pérez C, Muckle M T, Zaleski D P, Seifert N A, Temelso B, Shields G C, Kisiel Z, Pate B H 2012 Science 336 897 Google Scholar
[24]	Cole W T S, Farrell J D, Wales D J, Saykally R J 2016 Science 352 1194 Google Scholar
[25]	Arrhenius S A 1889 Z. Phys. Chem. 4 226
[26]	Lin W, Paesani F 2013 J. Chem. Phys. A 117 7131 Google Scholar
[27]	Guggemos N, Slavíček P, Kresin V V 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 043401 Google Scholar
[28]	Wang P J, Shi R L, Su Yan, Tang L L, Huang X M, Zhao J J 2019 Front. Chem. 7 624 Google Scholar
[29]	Fárník M 2011 Molecular Dynamics in Free Clusters and Nanoparticles Studied in Molecular Beams (Prague: ICT Prague Press)
[30]	Lengyel J, Pysanenko A, Poterya V, Kočišek J, Fárník M 2014 Chem. Phys. Lett. 612 256 Google Scholar
[31]	Hvelplund P, Kurtén T, Støchkel K, Ryding M J, Nielsen S B, Uggerud E 2010 J. Phys. Chem. A 114 7301 Google Scholar
[32]	Sundén A E K, Støchkel K, Hvelplund P, Nielsen S B, Dynefors B, Hansen K 2018 J. Chem. Phys. 148 184306 Google Scholar
[33]	Samanta A K, Wang Y M, Mancini J S, Bowman J M, Reisler H 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 4913 Google Scholar
[34]	Christensen E G, Steele R P 2019 J. Phys. Chem. A 123 8657 Google Scholar
[35]	Cobar E A, Horn P R, Bergman R G, Head-Gordon M 2012 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14 15328 Google Scholar
[36]	Li H Y, Kong X T, Jiang L, Liu Z F 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10 2162 Google Scholar
[37]	Tachikawa H 2017 J. Phys. Chem. A 121 5237 Google Scholar
[38]	Zuraski K, Kwasniewski D, Samanta A K, Reisler H 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 4243 Google Scholar
[39]	Bresnahan C G, David R, Milet A, Kumar R 2019 J. Phys. Chem. A 123 9371 Google Scholar
[40]	de Tudela R P, Marx D 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 259901 Google Scholar
[41]	Zakai I, Varner M E, Gerber R B 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 20641 Google Scholar
[42]	Miyazaki M, Fujii A, Ebata T, Mikami N 2004 Science 304 1134 Google Scholar
[43]	Mizuse K, Fujii A 2013 J. Phys. Chem. A 117 929 Google Scholar
[44]	Haberland H 1994 Clusters of Atoms and Molecules (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p207
[45]	Siffert L, Blaser S, Ottiger P, Leutwyler S 2018 J. Phys. Chem. A 122 9285 Google Scholar
[46]	Huang C F 2018 J. Clust. Sci. 29 959 Google Scholar
[47]	Mizuse K, Fujii A 2011 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 7129 Google Scholar
[48]	Bing D, Hamashima T, Fujii A, Kuo J 2010 J. Phys. Chem. A 114 8170 Google Scholar
[49]	Vacher J R, Duc E L, Fitaire M 1994 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 135 139 Google Scholar
[50]	Pysanenko A, Lengyel J, Fárník M 2018 J. Chem. Phys. 148 154301 Google Scholar
[51]	Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Fárník M, Slavíček P 2013 J. Chem. Phys. 139 214308 Google Scholar
[52]	Belau L, Wilson K R, Leone S R, Ahmed M 2007 J. Phys. Chem. A 111 10075 Google Scholar
[53]	Litman J H, Yoder B L, Schläppi B, Signorell R 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem Phys. 15 940 Google Scholar
[54]	Huang C F, Kresin V V, Pysanenko A, Fárník M 2016 J. Chem. Phys. 145 104304 Google Scholar
[55]	Moro R, Rabinovitch R, Kresin V V 2005 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 056104 Google Scholar
[56]	Moro R, Rabinovitch R, Kresin V V 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 146102 Google Scholar
[57]	Poterya V, Fárník M, Slavíček P, Buck U, Kresin V V 2007 J. Chem. Phys. 126 071101 Google Scholar
[58]	Fárník M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, PluhařováE, Poterya V, Pysanenko A 2021 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23 3195 Google Scholar
[59]	Zhong Q, Hurley S M, Castleman Jr A W 1999 J. Mass Spectrom. 185 905 Google Scholar
[60]	Ahmed M, Apps C J, Buesnel R, Hughes C, Hillier I H, Watt N E, Whitehead J C 1997 J. Phys. Chem. A 101 1254 Google Scholar
[61]	Moro R, Rabinovitch R, Kresin V V 2005 J. Chem. Phys. 123 074301 Google Scholar
[62]	Pauly H 2000 Atom, Molecule, and Cluster Beams (Vol. 2) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p70
[63]	Huang C F 2018 J. Phys. Chem. A 122 8998 Google Scholar
[64]	Toennies J P, Vilesov A F, Whaley K B 2001 Phys. Today 54 31
[65]	Verma D, Erukala S, Vilesov A F 2020 J. Phys. Chem. A 124 6207 Google Scholar
[66]	Vongehr S, Kresin V V 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 119 11124 Google Scholar
[67]	Letzner M, Gruen S, Habig D, et al. 2013 J. Chem. Phys. 139 154304 Google Scholar
[68]	Gutberlet A, Schwaab G, Birer O, Masia M, Kaczmarek A, Forbert H, Havenith M, Marx D 2009 Science 324 1545 Google Scholar
[69]	Flynn S D, Skvortsov D, Morrison A M, Liang T, Choi M Y, Douberly G E, Vilesov A F 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett 1 2233 Google Scholar
[70]	Raggl S, Gitzl N, Martini P, Scheier P, Echt O 2018 Eur. Phys. J. D 72 130 Google Scholar
[71]	Ren Y, Moro R, Kresin V V 2007 Eur. Phys. J. D 43 109 Google Scholar
[72]	Kranabetter L, Martini P, Gitzl N, et al. 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 21573 Google Scholar
[73]	Douberly G E, Miller R E, Xantheas S S 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 4152 Google Scholar
[74]	Mani D, Pal N, Smialkowski M, Beakovic C, Schwaab G, Havenith M 2019 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21 20582 Google Scholar
[75]	Kuma S, Slipchenko M N, Momose T, Vilesov A F 2007 Chem. Phys. Lett. 439 265 Google Scholar
[76]	Müller S, Krapf S, Koslowski T, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 183401 Google Scholar
[77]	Ratschek M, Kocha M, Ernst W E 2012 J. Chem. Phys. 136 104201 Google Scholar
[78]	Niman J W, Kamerin B S, Merthe D J, Kranabetter L, Kresin V V 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 043203 Google Scholar
[79]	Volk A, Thaler P, Knez D, Hauser A W, Steurer J, Grogger W, Hofer F, Ernst W E 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 1451 Google Scholar
[80]	Raston P L, Douberly G, Jäger W 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 044301 Google Scholar
[81]	Loginov E, Gomez L F, Chiang N, Halder A, Guggemos N, Kresin V V, Vilesov A F 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 233401 Google Scholar
[82]	Vaida V 2011 J. Chem. Phys. 135 020901 Google Scholar
[83]	Inaba S 2014 J. Phys. Chem. A 118 3026 Google Scholar
[84]	Romero-Montalvo E, Guevara-Vela J M, Narváez W E V, et al. 2017 Chem. Commun. 53 3516 Google Scholar

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Vol. 70, Issue 18 - 2021-09-20

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