Mixed injection mechanism assisted cascaded laser wakefield accelerator

Tan Fang; Zhang Xiao-Hui; Zhu Bin; Li Gang; Wu Yu-Chi; Yu Ming-Hai; Yang Yue; Yan Yong-Hong; Yang Jing; Fan Wei; Dong Ke-Gong; Lu Feng; Gu Yu-Qiu

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190484

Abstract

Femtosecond electron bunches can be produced by laser plasma wakefield accelerators, with energy tunable from tens of MeV to a few GeV. In order to produce stable mono-energetic electron bunches, a critical issue is to control the injection of electron into the wakefield. The ionization injection is one of the most effective methods of controlling the injection, which is usually a continuous process. So, the electron bunches produced through ionization injection usually possess large energy spread. In order to optimize the ionization injection technique and produce stable monoenergetic wakefield electron beams, experimental studies are conducted on our 45 TW laser facility. In this work, a mixed injection mechanism assisted cascaded laser wakefield accelerator is presented. Based on a double-nozzle cascaded accelerator, the influences of ionization injection, shock wave front injection and their combination are experimentally studied. The results show that the lower threshold of the injection can be substantially reduced. The ionization injection is restricted within the shock wave front. As a result, mono-energetic electron bunches with reduced absolute energy spread can be stably produced. Under the most optimal conditions, the central energy and energy spread are (63.24 ± 6.12) MeV and (13.0 ± 3.9) MeV. The charge quantity of the electron bunches is (5.99 ± 3.10) pC. The minimum emitting anglular spread is (3.6 × 3.8) mrad.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 030006, China
2.
Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China

Corresponding author: Gu Yu-Qiu, yqgu@caep.cn

Funds: Project supported the Presidential Foundation of the China Academy of Engineering Physics (Grant No. 2014-1-017), the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Academy of Engineering Physics (Grant No. U1630246), the Science Challenge Project, China (Grant No. JCKY2016212A505), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 016YFA0401100).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 　(a) 喷嘴设计及实验排布; (b) 气体密度分布侧视二维图; (c) 2 mm高处气体密度对应电子密度的一维分布

Figure 1. 　(a) The gas jet designment and the experimental layout; (b) the side view of the gas density distribution; (c) the one dimensional electron density at a height of 2 mm from the gas jet.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 电子束斑 (上)单喷嘴、纯He气结果; (下)双喷嘴无刀边、混合气结果

Figure 2. Electron angular distribution for ((a)−(e)) single stage gas jet and ((f)−(j)) dual-stage gas jet.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 电子束斑　(a)−(e) He气结果; (f)−(j) He气混入2.5% N₂气结果

Figure 3. The electron angular distribution for (a)−(e) pure He and (f)−(j) the mixed gas of He with 2.5% N₂.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 喷气气压650 kPa时发射角最小的电子束斑

Figure 4. The spot size for shot 0562 when the jet pressure is 650 kPa.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 喷气气压650 kPa时连续打靶5发, 磁谱仪测量到的电子能谱

Figure 5. Electron energy spectra for continuous 5 shots under jet pressure of 650 kPa.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 等离子体中电子在纵向相空间(x-γV_x)的分布

Figure 6. The Distribution of electrons in longitudinal phase space (x-γV_x).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 喷气气压650 kPa时连续打靶6发得到的电子束斑参数, θ_x_,, θ_y为出射方向, σ_x, σ_y为角分布光斑的半高全宽直径

Table 1. The emitting direction θ_x, θ_y and the FWHM angular spread σ_x, σ_y of the electron angular distribution for continuous 6 shots under jet pressure of 650 kPa.

发次号 θ_x/mrad θy/mrad σ_x/mrad σ_y/mrad

558 –25.5 28.9 8.5 5.6
559 –22.1 27.3 5.0 5.6
560 –23.5 23.3 6.2 4.8
561 –19.0 23.3 6.5 5.1
562 –18.1 24.2 3.8 3.6
563 –19.7 19.4 6.4 4.4

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 喷气气压650 kPa时连续打靶5发得到的电子能谱参数

Table 2. The central energy, charge and energy spread of the electrons for continuous 5 shots when the jet pressure is 650 kPa.

发次号中心能量/MeV 电量/pC 能散FWHM/MeV

570 66.7 6.5 10
571 66.1 9.4 17
572 58.2 2.0 6.9
573 54.2 9.2 14.3
574 71 2.86 16.6

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Tajima T, Dawson J M 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267 Google Scholar
[2]	徐慧, 盛政明, 张杰 2007 56 968 Google Scholar Xu H, Sheng Z M, Zhang J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 968 Google Scholar
[3]	Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Leemans W P 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1229 Google Scholar
[4]	Mangles S P D, Murphy C D, Najmudin Z, Thomas A G R, Collier J L, Dangor A B, Divall E J, Foster P S, Gallacher J G, Hooker C J, Jaroszyanski D A, Langley A J, Mori W B, Norreys P A, Tsung F S, Viskup R, Walton B R, Krushelnick K 2004 Nature 431 535 Google Scholar
[5]	Geddes C G R, Toth C, Tilborg J V, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Bruhwiler D L, Nieter C, Cary J R, Leemans W P 2004 Nature 431 538 Google Scholar
[6]	Faure J, Glinec Y, Pukhov A, Kiselev S, Gordienko S, Lefebvre E, Rousseau J P, Burgy F, Malka V 2004 Nature 431 541 Google Scholar
[7]	Clayton C E, Ralph J E, Albert F, Fonseca R A, Glenzer S H, Joshi C, Lu W, Marsh K A, Martins S F, Mori W B, Pak A, Tsung F S, Pollock B B, Ross J S, Silva L O, Froula D H 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 105003 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang X M, Zgadzaj R, Fazel N, Li Z Y, Yi S A, Zhang X, Henderson W, Chang Y Y, Korzekwa R, Tsai H E, Pai C H, Quevedo H, Dyer G, Gaul E, Martinez M, Bernstein A C, Borger T, Spinks M, Donovan M, Khudik V, Shvets G, Ditmire T, Downer M C 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1988 Google Scholar
[9]	Kim H T, Pae K H, Cha H J, I Kim I J, Yu T J, Sung J H, Lee S K, Jeong T M, Lee J 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 165002 Google Scholar
[10]	Leemans W P, Gonsalves A J, Mao H S, Nakamura K, Benedetti C, Schroeder C B, Tóth C, Daniels J, Mittelberger D E, Bulanov S S, Vay J L, Geddes C G R, Esarey E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 245002 Google Scholar
[11]	Catravas P, Esarey E, Leemans W P 2001 Meas. Sci. Technology 12 1828 Google Scholar
[12]	Powers N D, Ghebregziabher I, Golovin G, Liu C, Chen S, Banerjee S, Zhang J, Umstadter D P 2013 Nat. Photonics 8 28
[13]	Chen S, Powers N D, Ghebregziabher I, Maharjan C M, Liu C, Golovin G, Banerjee S, Zhang J, Cunningham N, Moorti A, Clarke S, Pozzi S, Umstadter D P 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 155003 Google Scholar
[14]	Sarri G, Corvan D J, Schumaker W, Cole J M, Piazza A Di, Ahmed H, Harvey C, Keitel C H, Krushelnick K, Mangles S P D, Najmudin Z, Symes D, Thomas A G R, Yeung M, Zhao Z, Zepf M 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 224801 Google Scholar
[15]	Yan W, Fruhling C, Golovin G, Haden D, Luo J, Zhang P, Zhao B, Zhang J, Liu C, Chen M, Chen S, Banerjee S, Umstadter D 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 514 Google Scholar
[16]	Khrennikov K, Wenz J, Buck A, Xu J, Heigoldt M, Veisz L, Karsch S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 195003 Google Scholar
[17]	Phuoc K T, Corde S, Thaury C, Malka V, Tafzi A, Goddet J P, Shah R C, Sebban S, Rousse A 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 308 Google Scholar
[18]	Tsai H E, Wang X M, Shaw J M, Li Z Y, Arefiev A V, Zhang X, Zgadzaj R, Henderson W, Khudik V, Shvets G, Downer M C 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 023106 Google Scholar
[19]	Yu C H, Qi R, Wang W T, Liu J S, Li W T, Wang C, Zhang Z J, Liu J Q, Qin Z Y, Fang M, Feng K, Wu Y, Tian Y, Xu Yi, Wu F X, Leng Y X, Weng X F, Wang J H, Wei F L, Yi Y C, Song Z H, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 29518 Google Scholar
[20]	Modena A, Najmudin Z, Dangor A E, Clayton C E, Marsh C A, Joshi C, Malka V, Darrow C B, Danson C, Neely D, Walsh F N 1995 Nature 377 606 Google Scholar
[21]	Tzeng K C, Mori W B, Katsouleas T 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 5258 Google Scholar
[22]	Bulanov S V, Pegoraro F, Pukhov A M, Sakharov A S 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 4205 Google Scholar
[23]	Gordon D, Tzeng K C, Clayton C E, Dangor A E, Malka V, Marsh K A, Modena A, Mori W B, Muggli P, Najmudin Z, Neely D, Danson C, Joshi C 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 2133 Google Scholar
[24]	Kostyukov I, Pukhov A, Kiselev S 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 5256 Google Scholar
[25]	Lu W, Huang C, Zhou M, Mori W B, Katsouleas T 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 165002 Google Scholar
[26]	Osterhoff J, Popp A, Major Z, Marx B, Rowlands-Rees T P, Fuchs M, Geissler M, Hörlein R, Hidding B, Becker S, Peralta E A, Schramm U, Grüner F, Habs D, Krausz F, Hooker S M, Karsch S 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 085002 Google Scholar
[27]	Chen M, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Geddes C G R, Leemans W P 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 033101 Google Scholar
[28]	Rowlands-Rees T P, Kamperidis C, Kneip S, Gonsalves A J, Mangles S P D, Gallacher J G, Brunetti E, Ibbotson T, Murphy C D, Foster P S, Streeter M J V, Budde F, Norreys P A, Jaroszynski D A, Krushelnick K, Najmudin Z, Hooker S M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 105005 Google Scholar
[29]	Pak A, Marsh K A, Martins S F, Lu W, Mori W B, Joshi C 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 025003 Google Scholar
[30]	McGuffey C, Thomas A G R, Schumaker W, Matsuoka T, Chvykov V, Dollar F J, Kalintchenko G, Yanovsky V, Maksimchuk A, Krushelnick K 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 025004 Google Scholar
[31]	Esarey E, Hubbard R F, Leemans W P, Ting A, Sprangle P 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2682 Google Scholar
[32]	Faure J, Rechatin C, Norlin A, Lifschitz A, Glinec Y, Malka V 2006 Nature 444 737 Google Scholar
[33]	Kotaki H, Daito I, Kando M, Hayashi Y, Kawase K, Kameshima T, Fukuda Y, Homma T, Ma J, Chen L M, Esirkepov T Zh, Pirozhkov A S, Koga J K, Faenov A, Pikuz T, Kiriyama H, Okada H, Shimomura T, Nakai Y, Tanoue M, Sasao H, Wakai D, Matsuura H, Kondo S, Kanazawa S, Sugiyama A, Daido H, Bulanov S V 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 194803 Google Scholar
[34]	Bulanov S, Naumova N, Pegoraro F, Sakai J 1998 Phys. Rev. E 58 R5257 Google Scholar
[35]	Geddes C G R, Nakamura K, Plateau G R, Toth C, Cormier-Michel E, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Cary J R, Leemans W P 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 215004
[36]	Faure J, Rechatin C, Lundh O, Ammoura L, Malka V 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 083107 Google Scholar
[37]	Gonsalves A J, Nakamura K, Lin C, Panasenko D, Shiraishi S, Sokollik T, Benedetti C, Schroeder C B, Geddes C G R, van Tilborg J, Osterhoff J, Esarey E, Toth C, Leemans W P 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 862 Google Scholar
[38]	Buck A, Wenz J, Xu J, Khrennikov K, Schmid K, Heigoldt M, Mikhailova J M, Geissler M, Shen B, Krausz F, Karsch S, Veisz L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 185006 Google Scholar
[39]	Suk H, Barov N, Rosenzweig J B, Esarey E 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1011 Google Scholar
[40]	Tomassini P, Galimberti M, Giulietti A, Giulietti D, Gizzi L A, Labate L, Pegoraro F 2003 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 6 121301 Google Scholar
[41]	Kim J U, Hafz N, Suk H 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 026409 Google Scholar
[42]	Chien T Y, Chang C L, Lee C H, Lin J Y, Wang J, Chen S Y 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 115003 Google Scholar
[43]	Schmid K, Buck A, Sears C M S, Mikhailova J M, Tautz R, Herrmann D, Geissler M, Krausz F, Veisz L 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 091301 Google Scholar
[44]	Liu J S, Xia C Q, Wang W T, Lu H Y, Wang C, Deng A H, Li W T, Zhang H, Liang X Y, Leng Y X, Lu X M, Wang C, Wang J Z, Nakajima K, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 035001 Google Scholar
[45]	Wang W T, Li W T, Liu J S, Zhang Z J, Qi R, Yu C H, Liu J Q, Fang M, Qin Z Y, Wang C, Xu Y, Wu F X, Leng Y X, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 124801 Google Scholar
[46]	Leemans W, Esarey E 2009 Phys. Today 62 44
[47]	Schroeder C B, Esarey E, Geddes C G R, Benedetti C, Leemans W P 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 101301 Google Scholar
[48]	董克攻, 谷渝秋, 朱斌, 吴玉迟, 曹磊峰, 何颖玲, 刘红杰, 洪伟, 周维民, 赵宗清, 焦春晔, 温贤伦, 张保汉, 王晓方 2010 596 8733 Google Scholar Dong K G, Gu Y Q, Zhu B, Wu Y C, Cao L F, He Y L, Liu H J, Hong W, Zhou W M, Zhao Z Q, Jiao C Y, Wen X L, Zhang B H, Wang X F 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 596 8733 Google Scholar
[49]	Thaury C, Guillaume E, Lifschitz A, Phuoc K T, Hansson M, Grittani G, Gautier J, Goddet J P, Tafzi A, Lundh O, Malka V 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 16310 Google Scholar
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Vol. 68, Issue 17 - 2019-09-05

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