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The characteristics of proton beams generated from ultra-intense laser-foil interactions under varied focal offsets are experimentally studied on XL-Ⅱ laser facility.The experimental results show that when strong femtosecond prepulses are presented before the main pulse, the conversion efficiency from the laser energy to the protons is enhanced by 3 orders of magnitude with effective improvement of the beam collimation by properly defocusing the laser pulses. The depression of the prepulse effect on the proton acceleration is believed to be one of the main reasons for the significant optimization. Besides, the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation results indicate that the population of moderate energy electrons increases under large focal offsets, which in turn effectively improves the acceleration electric field and the beam quality.
[1] Borghesi M, Bigongiari A, Kar S, Macchi A, Romagnani L, Audebert P, Fuchs J, Toncian T, Willi O, Bulanov S V, Mackinnon A J, Gauthier J C 2008 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 124040
[2] Teng J, HongW, Zhao Z Q, Wu S C, QinX Z, He Y L, GuY Q, DingY K 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1635 (in Chinese) [滕 建、洪 伟、赵宗清、巫顺超、秦孝尊、何颖玲、谷渝秋、丁永坤 2009 58 1635]
[3] Naumova N, Schlegel T, Tikhonchuk V T, Labaune C, Sokolov I V, Mourou G 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 025002
[4] Dyer G M, Bernstein A C, Cho B I, Osterholz J, Grigsby W, Dalton A, Shepherd R, Ping Y, Chen H, Widmann K, Ditmire T 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 015002
[5] Fourkal E, Velchev I, Fan J, Luo W, Ma C M 2007 Med. Phys. 34 577
[6] Hegelich B M, Albright B J, Cobble J, Flippo K, Letzring S, Paffett M, Ruhl H, Schreiber J, Schulze R K, Fernández J C 2006 Nature 439 441
[7] Chen M, Pukhov A, Yu T P, Sheng Z M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 024801
[8] Henig A, Steinke S, Schnurer M, Sokollik T, Hörlein R, Kiefer D, Jung D, Schreibe r J, Hegelich B M, Yan X Q, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Tajima T, Nickles P V, Sandner W, Habs D 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 245003
[9] Xu M H, Li YT,Yuan X H, Yu Q Z, Wang S J, ZhaoW,Wen X L, Wang G C, JiaoC Y, He Y L, Zhang S G, Wang X X, Huang W Z, Gu Y Q, Zhang J 2006 Phys. Plasma 13 104507
[10] Lindau F, Lundh O, Persson A, McKenna P, Osvay K, Batani D, Wahlstrom C G 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 175002
[11] Neely D, Foster P, Robinson A, Lindau F, Lundh O, Persson A, Wahlstrom C G, McKenna P 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 21502
[12] Oak S M, Bindra K S, Narayan B S, Khardekar R K 1991 Rev. Sci. Instrum.62 308
[13] Lévy A, Ceccotti T, D’Oliveira P, Réau F, Perdrix M, Quéré F, Monot P, Bougeard M, Lagadec H, Martin P, Geindre J P, Audebert P 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 310
[14] Dromey B, Kar S, Zepf M, Foster P 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum.75 645
[15] Chen L M, Kando M, Xu M H, Li YT, Koga J, ChenM, Xu H, Yuan X H, Dong Q L, Sheng Z M, Bulanov S V, Kato Y, Zhang J, Tajima T 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 45004
[16] Swift D C, Tierney T E, Kopp R A, Gammel J T 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 36406
[17] Eidmann K, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Schlegel T, Hüller S 2000 Phys. Rev. E 62 1202
[18] Brambink E, Schreiber J, Schlegel T, Audebert P, Cobble J, Fuchs J, Hegelich M, Roth M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 154801
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[1] Borghesi M, Bigongiari A, Kar S, Macchi A, Romagnani L, Audebert P, Fuchs J, Toncian T, Willi O, Bulanov S V, Mackinnon A J, Gauthier J C 2008 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 124040
[2] Teng J, HongW, Zhao Z Q, Wu S C, QinX Z, He Y L, GuY Q, DingY K 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1635 (in Chinese) [滕 建、洪 伟、赵宗清、巫顺超、秦孝尊、何颖玲、谷渝秋、丁永坤 2009 58 1635]
[3] Naumova N, Schlegel T, Tikhonchuk V T, Labaune C, Sokolov I V, Mourou G 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 025002
[4] Dyer G M, Bernstein A C, Cho B I, Osterholz J, Grigsby W, Dalton A, Shepherd R, Ping Y, Chen H, Widmann K, Ditmire T 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 015002
[5] Fourkal E, Velchev I, Fan J, Luo W, Ma C M 2007 Med. Phys. 34 577
[6] Hegelich B M, Albright B J, Cobble J, Flippo K, Letzring S, Paffett M, Ruhl H, Schreiber J, Schulze R K, Fernández J C 2006 Nature 439 441
[7] Chen M, Pukhov A, Yu T P, Sheng Z M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 024801
[8] Henig A, Steinke S, Schnurer M, Sokollik T, Hörlein R, Kiefer D, Jung D, Schreibe r J, Hegelich B M, Yan X Q, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Tajima T, Nickles P V, Sandner W, Habs D 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 245003
[9] Xu M H, Li YT,Yuan X H, Yu Q Z, Wang S J, ZhaoW,Wen X L, Wang G C, JiaoC Y, He Y L, Zhang S G, Wang X X, Huang W Z, Gu Y Q, Zhang J 2006 Phys. Plasma 13 104507
[10] Lindau F, Lundh O, Persson A, McKenna P, Osvay K, Batani D, Wahlstrom C G 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 175002
[11] Neely D, Foster P, Robinson A, Lindau F, Lundh O, Persson A, Wahlstrom C G, McKenna P 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 21502
[12] Oak S M, Bindra K S, Narayan B S, Khardekar R K 1991 Rev. Sci. Instrum.62 308
[13] Lévy A, Ceccotti T, D’Oliveira P, Réau F, Perdrix M, Quéré F, Monot P, Bougeard M, Lagadec H, Martin P, Geindre J P, Audebert P 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 310
[14] Dromey B, Kar S, Zepf M, Foster P 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum.75 645
[15] Chen L M, Kando M, Xu M H, Li YT, Koga J, ChenM, Xu H, Yuan X H, Dong Q L, Sheng Z M, Bulanov S V, Kato Y, Zhang J, Tajima T 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 45004
[16] Swift D C, Tierney T E, Kopp R A, Gammel J T 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 36406
[17] Eidmann K, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Schlegel T, Hüller S 2000 Phys. Rev. E 62 1202
[18] Brambink E, Schreiber J, Schlegel T, Audebert P, Cobble J, Fuchs J, Hegelich M, Roth M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 154801
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