Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the production of multiply charged ions by the ionization of benzene cluster with a moderate intensity laser

Zhao Wu-Duo; Wang Wei-Guo; Li Hai-Yang

doi:10.7498/aps.63.103602

Abstract

The production of multiply charged ions by the interaction of intense femtosecond laser with clusters has been widely reported. Recently, many groups discovered the multiply charged ions when the cluster was irradiated by a 532 nm nanosecond laser with the intensity as low as 1010 W/cm2. Although this interesting phenomenon could be explained by the mechanism of multiphoton ionization triggered-inverse bremsstrahlung heating-electron impact ionization, there is a lack of numerical simulation to explain the generation of multiply charged ions. In this paper, numerical simulation is performed to study the generation process of multiply charged ions in the moderate intensity laser. Firstly, the electron energy is calculated according to ponderomotive potential. Secondly, the cross section of electron impact ionization is calculated on the basis of Lotz formula. Finally, the evolution of multiply charged ions in the cluster is calculated with the kinetic reaction rate equation. The effects of cluster size and electron density on multiply charged ions are investigated in detail. Simulation results show that the ionization process is completed and the balance among C2+, C3+ and C4+ is achieved in 0.7 ns. The relative intensity sequence of multiply charged ions is C2+ C3+ C4+, which is consistent with the experimental results. In addition, numerical simulation results show that the charge state of ions is increased with the increase of cluster size, which is consistent with the experimental results.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11004190, 21077101) and the Special Foundation of State Major Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development of China (Grant No. 2011YQ05006903).

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[39]	Dawson J, Oberman C 1962 Phys. Fluids 5 517
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[41]	Kostyukov I Y 2001 JETP Lett. 73 393
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[46]	Zhang N Z, Wang W G, Zhao W D, Han F L, Li H Y 2010 Chem. Phys. 373 181
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Cited By

[1]	Jha J, Krishnamurthy M 2008 J. Phys. B 41 041002
[2]	Sumeruk H A, Kneip S, Symes D R, Churina I V, Belolipetski A V, Dyer G, Landry J, Bansal G, Bernstein A, Donnelly T D, Karmakar A, Pukhov A, Ditmire T 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 062704
[3]	Ditmire T, Smith R A, Marjoribanks R S, Kulcsár G, Hutchinson M H R 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 166
[4]	Li S H, Wang C, Liu J S, Wang X X, Li R X, Ni G Q, Xu Z Z 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 636 (in Chinese)[李邵辉, 王成, 刘建胜, 王向欣, 李儒新, 倪国权, 徐至展 2005 54 636]
[5]	Sun Y Q, Chen L M, Zhang L, Mao J Y, Liu F, Li D Z, Liu C, Li W C, Wang Z H, Li Y J, Wei Z Y, Zhang J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 075206 (in Chinese)[孙彦乾, 陈黎明, 张璐, 毛婧一, 刘峰, 李大章, 刘成, 李伟昌, 王兆华, 李英骏, 魏志义, 张杰 2012 61 075206]
[6]	Cang Y, Dong Q L, Wu H C, Sheng Z M, Yu W, Zhang J 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 2414
[7]	Liu H J, Gu Y Q, Wang H B, Zheng Z J, Ge F F, Wen X L, Jiao C Y, He Y L, Wen T S, Huang W Z, Wang G C, Zhou W M, Zhang S G, Wang X X, Zhou K N, Wang X D, Huang X J, Ni G Q 2005 Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 1174
[8]	Zheng L, Wang C, Li S H, Liu B C, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 697
[9]	Li S H, Wang C, Liu J S, Wang X X, Zhu P P, Li R X, Ni G Q, Xu Z Z 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 481
[10]	Li S H, Wang C, Zhu P P, Wang X X, Li R X, Ni G Q, Xu Z Z 2003 Chin. Phys. Lett. 20 1247
[11]	Lin J Q, Zhang J, Li Y J, Chen L M, L T Z, Teng H, Man B Y, Zhao L Z 2001 Chin. Phys. Lett. 18 211
[12]	Wang Q, Cheng Y L, Zhao Y P, Xia Y Q, Chen J, X, Xiao Y F 2003 Chin. Phys. Lett. 20 1309
[13]	Du H C, Wang H Q, Liu Z Y, Sun S H, Li L, Ma L L, Hu B T 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 035202
[14]	Li H Y, Liu J S 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7850 (in Chinese)[李洪玉, 刘建胜 2010 59 7850]
[15]	Li H Y, Liu J S, Wang C, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 2956
[16]	Rose-Petruck C, Schafer K J, Wilson K R, Barty C P J 1997 Phys. Rev. A 55 1182
[17]	McPherson A, Thompson B D, Borisov A B, Boyer K, Rhodes C K 1994 Nature 370 631
[18]	Ditmire T, Donnelly T, Rubenchik A M, Falcone R W, Perry M D 1996 Phys. Rev. A 53 3379
[19]	Wang W G, Li H Y, Niu D M, Wen L H, Zhang N Z 2008 Chem. Phys. 352 111
[20]	Niu D M, Li H Y, Liang F, Luo X L, Wen L W 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 034103
[21]	Niu D M, Li H Y, Liang F, Wen L H, Luo X L, Wang B, Qu H B 2005 J. Chem. Phys. 122 151103
[22]	Zhang N Z, Wang W G, Cang H W, Wang H L, Li H Y 2009 Chem. Phys. Lett. 469 14
[23]	Kong X L, Luo X L, Niu D M, Li H Y 2004 Chem. Phys. Lett. 388 139
[24]	Luo X L, Li H Y, Niu D W, Wen L H, Liang F, Wang B, Xiao X 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 013201
[25]	Zhao W D, Wang W G, Qu P C, Hou K Y, Li H Y 2012 Chem. Phys. Lett. 543 55
[26]	Sharma P, Vatsa R K, Kulshreshtha S K, Jha J, Mathur D, Krishnamurthy M 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 034304
[27]	Das S, Badani P M, Sharma P, Vatsa R K 2011 Curr. Sci. 100 1008
[28]	Saalmann U, Siedschlag C, Rost J M 2006 J. Phys. B 39 R39
[29]	Krainova V P, Smirnov M B 2002 Phys. Rep. 370 237
[30]	Döppner T, Mller J P, Przystawik A, Göde S, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer K H, Varin C, Ramunno L, Brabec T, Fennel T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053401
[31]	Niu D M, Li H Y, Liang F, Wen L H, Luo X L, Wang B, Hou K Y, Zhang X X 2005 Chem. Phys. Lett. 403 218
[32]	Xiao X, Li H Y, Luo X L, Niu D M, Wen L H, Wang B 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 5098 (in Chinese) [肖雪, 李海洋, 罗晓琳, 牛冬梅, 温丽华, 王宾 2005 54 5098]
[33]	Qu P C, Wang W G, Zhao W D, Zhang G Q, Li H Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 182101 (in Chinese) [曲丕丞, 王卫国, 赵无垛, 张桂秋, 李海洋 2012 61 182101]
[34]	Niu D M, Li H Y, Luo X L, Liang F, Cheng S, Li A L 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 1511
[35]	Luo X L, Kong X L, Niu D M, Qu H B, Li H Y 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 606 (in Chinese) [罗晓琳, 孔祥蕾, 牛冬梅, 渠洪波, 李海洋 2005 54 606]
[36]	Xiao X, Li H Y, Luo X L, Niu D M, Wen L H, Wang B 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 661 (in Chinese) [肖雪, 李海洋, 罗晓琳, 牛冬梅, 温丽华, 王宾 2006 55 661]
[37]	Zhang N Z, Cang H W, Wang W G, Miao S Y, Jin F, Wu Q H, Hua L, Li H Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4556 (in Chinese) [张娜珍, 仓怀文, 王卫国, 苗书一, 金峰, 吴庆浩, 花磊, 李海洋 2009 58 4556]
[38]	Karras G, Kosmidis C 2010 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 290 133
[39]	Dawson J, Oberman C 1962 Phys. Fluids 5 517
[40]	Decker C D, Mori W B, Dawson J M, Katsouleas T 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 4043
[41]	Kostyukov I Y 2001 JETP Lett. 73 393
[42]	Wang X L, Zhang N, Zhao Y B, Li Z L, Zhai H C, Zhu X N 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 354 (in Chinese) [王晓雷, 张楠, 赵友博, 李智磊, 翟宏琛, 朱晓农 2008 57 354]
[43]	Lotz W 1967 Z. Phys. 206 205
[44]	Lotz W 1968 Z. Phys. 216 241
[45]	Hilse P, Moll M, Schlanges M,Bornath T 2009 Laser Phys. 19 428
[46]	Zhang N Z, Wang W G, Zhao W D, Han F L, Li H Y 2010 Chem. Phys. 373 181
[47]	Hagena O F 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2374
[48]	Seki T, Matsuo J, Takaoka G H, Yamada I 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 206 902
[49]	Yang S, Daineka D V, Chatelet M 2003 Chem. Phys. Lett. 377 595
[50]	Last S, Schek L, Jortner J 1997 Chem. Phys. 107 6685

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