界面工程调控GaN基异质结界面热传导性能研究

王权杰; 邓宇戈; 王仁宗; 刘向军

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230791

摘要

GaN以其宽禁带、高电子迁移率、高击穿场强等特点在高频大功率电子器件领域有着巨大的应用前景. 大功率GaN电子器件在工作时存在明显的自热效应, 产生大量焦耳热, 散热问题已成为制约其发展的瓶颈. 而GaN与衬底间的界面热导是影响GaN电子器件热管理全链条上的关键环节. 本文首先讨论各种GaN界面缺陷及其对界面热导的影响; 然后介绍常见的界面热导研究方法, 包括理论分析和实验测量; 接着结合具体案例介绍近些年发展的GaN界面热导优化方法, 包括常见的化学键结合界面类型及范德瓦耳斯键结合的弱耦合界面; 最后总结全文, 为GaN器件结构设计提供有价值参考.

关键词:

GaN /
界面缺陷 /
界面热导 /
声子输运

Abstract

Gallium nitride (GaN) has great potential applications in the field of high-frequency and high-power electronic devices because of its excellent material properties such as wide band gap, high electron mobility, high breakdown field strength. However, the high power GaN electronic device also exhibits significant self-heating effects in operation, such as a large amount of Joule heat localized in the thermal channel, and heat dissipation has become a bottleneck in its applications. The interface thermal conductance (ITC) between GaN and its substrate is the key to determining the thermal dissipation. In this work the various GaN interface defects and their effects on ITC are first discussed, and then some methods of studying interface thermal transport are introduced, including theoretical analysis and experimental measurements. Then, some GaN ITC optimization strategies developed in recent years are introduced through comparing the specific cases. In addition to the common chemical bond interface, the weak coupling interface by van der Waals bond is also discussed. Finally, a summary for this review is presented. We hope that this review can provide valuable reference for actually designing GaN devices.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

东华大学机械工程学院, 微纳机电系统研究所, 纤维材料改性国家重点实验室, 上海　201600

通信作者: 刘向军, xjliu@dhu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 52150610495, 52206080)和上海市科委科技基金(批准号: 21TS1401500, 22YF1400100)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Institute of Micro/Nano Electromechanical System, College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201600, China

Corresponding author: Liu Xiang-Jun, xjliu@dhu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52150610495, 52206080) and the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology, China (Grant Nos. 21TS1401500, 22YF1400100).

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施引文献

图 1 各种GaN界面缺陷　(a) 界面非晶层^[5]; (b) 原子位错^[6]; (c) 应力^[7,8]; (d) 空隙^[9]

Fig. 1. Various types of interfacial defects in GaN: (a) Interfacial amorphous layer^[5]; (b) atoms dislocation^[6]; (c) strain^[7,8]; (d) voids^[9]

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图 2 界面热导研究方法　(a) AMM和DMM模型; (b) 声子波包法; (c) 原子格林函数法; (d) 分子动力学方法

Fig. 2. Study methods for interface thermal transport: (a) AMM and DMM models; (b) phonon wave packet method; (c) atomic Green’s function method; (d) molecular dynamics method.

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图 3 界面热导实验测量方法　(a) 时域热反射法; (b) 拉曼法测MoS₂/SiO₂界面热导^[45]

Fig. 3. Experimental measured methods for thermal boundary conductance: (a) Time-domain thermo-reflectance method; (b) MoS₂/SiO₂ thermal boundary conductance measured by Raman method^[45].

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图 4 (a) 利用时域热反射法测量的GaN/金刚石、GaN/AlN/金刚石、GaN/SiN/金刚石界面热导^[9]; (b) 高分辨率TEM下观测到的GaN/SiN/金刚石界面图象^[9]; (c) GaN/SiC界面热导与外延和非外延AlN插层厚度的关系, 虚线表示非外延插层厚度为0时的界面热导^[56]; (d) 对比GaN/SiC界面有一个元胞厚的非外延AlN插层(实线)和没有AlN插层(虚线)时的声子态密度^[56]

Fig. 4. (a) Measured interfacial thermal resistance for GaN/diamond, GaN/AlN/diamond, and GaN/SiN/diamond interfaces by the time-domain thermo-reflectance technique^[9]; (b) high-resolution TEM image for GaN/SiN/diamond interface^[9]; (c) interfacial thermal conductance between GaN and SiC with epitaxial or non-epitaxial AlN interlayer as a function of AlN thickness. The dashed line refers to the non-epitaxial interface that with no interlayer^[56]; (d) comparison of vibrational density of states of GaN/SiC interface with 1 unit cell non-epitaxial AlN interlayer (solid lines) and bare (dotted lines) GaN/SiC interface^[56].

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图 5 (a) 带有石墨烯插层的图形化GaN/金刚石界面形貌以及GaN/金刚石界面为平面时的GaN声子态密度, 其中红色箭头表示受石墨烯影响激发出来声子模态^[63]; (b) 不同纳米柱长度、间隔时的Al/Si界面热导, 虚线表示理论预测结果, 实线表示光滑界面时的界面热导^[64]

Fig. 5. (a) Graphical GaN/diamond heterostructure with a graphene interlayer as well the vibrational density of states in GaN, where the red arrow refers to the excited phonon mode by graphene interlayer^[63]; (b) thermal boundary conductance for Si/Al interface with various lengths and intervals of nanopillars, where the dotted lines are predicted by the theoretical model and the solid line refers to the planar interface^[64].

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图 6 (a) 同位素掺杂的SiC/GaN界面模型, 以及在不同掺杂浓度时的界面热导^[66]; (b) 轻质量原子掺杂的SiC/GaN界面模型, 以及在不同掺杂浓度f和掺杂长度L时的界面热导^[67]

Fig. 6. (a) Structure of GaN/SiC interface with isotope doping, and the calculated thermal boundary conductance with different doping concentrations^[66]; (b) structure of GaN/SiC interface with light atoms doping, and the calculated thermal boundary conductance with different doping concentrations (f) and doping lengths (L)^[67].

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图 7 (a) LA模声子波包穿过GaN/AlN界面非晶层后的散射画面^[72]; (b) TA模声子波包在穿过不同厚度界面扩散层时扩散层内能量随时间的变化^[73]; (c) 不同GaN/AlN界面形貌时的界面热导^[11]; (d) GaN/SiC退火前后的界面形貌^[69]

Fig. 7. (a) Snapshots of LA wave packet passing through the amorphous layer at GaN/AlN interface^[72]; (b) energy variation in the compositional diffusion layer as a function of time^[73]; (c) thermal boundary conductance of GaN/AlN with different interface morphologies^[11]; (d) interface morphologies of GaN/SiC with and without annealing treatment^[69].

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图 8 (a) GaN/MoS₂界面热导和声子态密度重叠度S随衬底表面粗糙度δ的变化^[18]; (b) MoS₂和GaN衬底不同粗糙度表面层原子的声子态密度分布^[18]

Fig. 8. (a) Evolution of thermal boundary conductance and the density of phonon states overlap factor S as a function of surface roughness δ^[18]; (b) density of phonon states distributions for MoS₂ and GaN surface atoms with different δ^[18].

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图 9 (a) SiO₂/MoS₂界面热导与界面结合能的关系^[82]; (b) SiO₂/MoS₂界面热导与衬底表面凹槽深度的关系^[83]

Fig. 9. (a) Correlation between SiO₂/MoS₂ thermal boundary conductance and interface binding energy^[82]; (b) correlation between SiO₂/MoS₂ thermal boundary conductance and groove depth^[83].

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map

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[3]	Li Y H, Qi R S, Shi R C, Hu J N, Liu Z T, Sun Y W, Li M Q, Li N, Song C L, Wang L, Hao Z B, Luo Y, Xue Q K, Ma X C, Gao P 2022 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 e2117027119 Google Scholar
[4]	Filippov K A, Balandin A A 2003 MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 8 4 Google Scholar
[5]	Cheng Z, Mu F W, Yates L, Suga T, Graham S 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 8376 Google Scholar
[6]	Shih H Y, Shiojiri M, Chen C H, Yu S F, Ko C T, Yang J R, Lin R M, Chen M J 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 13671 Google Scholar
[7]	开翠红, 王蓉, 杨德仁, 皮孝东 2021 人工晶体学报 50 1780 Google Scholar Kai C H, Wang R, Yang D R, Pi X D 2021 J. Synth. Cryst. 50 1780 Google Scholar
[8]	Lee S B, Ju J W, Kim Y M, Yoo S J, Kim J G, Han H N, Lee D N 2015 AIP Adv. 5 077180 Google Scholar
[9]	Yates L, Anderson J, Gu X, Lee C, Bai T Y, Mecklenburg M, Aoki T, Goorsky M S, Kuball M, Piner E L, Graham S 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 24302 Google Scholar
[10]	Chen J, Xu X F, Zhou J, Li B W 2022 Rev. Mod. Phys. 94 025002 Google Scholar
[11]	Wang Q J, Wang X J, Liu X J, Zhang J 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 235102 Google Scholar
[12]	Tian Z T, Esfarjani K, Chen G 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 235304 Google Scholar
[13]	Jani O, Yu H B, Trybus E, Jampana B, Ferguson I, Doolittle A, Honsberg C 2007 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference Milan, Italy September 3–7, 2007 p64
[14]	Anaya J, Rossi S, Alomari M, Kohn E, Tóth L, Pécz B, Hobart K D, Anderson T J, Feygelson T I, Pate B B, Kuball M 2016 Acta Mater. 103 141 Google Scholar
[15]	Krishnamoorthy S, Lee E W, Lee C H, Zhang Y W, McCulloch W D, Johnson J M, Hwang J, Wu Y Y, Rajan S 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 183505 Google Scholar
[16]	潘东楷, 宗志成, 杨诺 2022 71 086302 Google Scholar Pan D K, Zong Z C, Yang N 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 086302 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang H G, Wang H Y, Xiong S Y, Han H X, Volz S, Ni Y X 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 2641 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang Q J, Zhang J, Xiong Y C, Li S H, Chernysh V, Liu X J 2023 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15 3377 Google Scholar
[19]	Lyeo H K, Cahill D G 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 144301 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhou X W, Jones R E, Kimmer C J, Duda J C, Hopkins P E 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 094303 Google Scholar
[21]	Bao H, Chen J, Gu X K, Cao B Y 2018 ES Energy Environ. 1 16 Google Scholar
[22]	Ziman J M 2001 Electrons and Phonons: The Theory of Transport Phenomena in Solids (Oxford: Oxford university press) p459
[23]	Cheng Z, Li R Y, Yan X X, Jernigan G, Shi J J, Liao M E, Hines N J, Gadre C A, Idrobo J C, Lee E, Hobart K D, Goorsky M S, Pan X Q, Luo T F, Graham S 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 6901 Google Scholar
[24]	Gordiz K, Henry A 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 015101 Google Scholar
[25]	Giri A, Hopkins P E 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 1903857 Google Scholar
[26]	Sääskilahti K, Oksanen J, Volz S, Tulkki J 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 115426 Google Scholar
[27]	Chen X K, Pang M, Chen T, Du D, Chen K Q 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 15517 Google Scholar
[28]	Wu D, Ding H, Fan Z Q, Jia P Z, Xie H Q, Chen X K 2022 Appl. Surf. Sci. 581 152344 Google Scholar
[29]	Ni Y X, Zhang H G, Hu S, Wang H Y, Volz S, Xiong S Y 2019 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 144 118608 Google Scholar
[30]	Sääskilahti K, Oksanen J, Volz S, Tulkki J 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 245411 Google Scholar
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