低维石墨烯体系中的离域磁性

郑玉强; 王世勇

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220895

摘要

由于量子效应, 低维石墨烯体系中具有离域的p壳层磁性, 其性质迥异于局域的d/f壳层电子. 该离域特性使精准调控纳米石墨烯的磁基态和磁交换作用变得有可能, 有望精准构筑高质量的磁性石墨烯量子材料. 近年来, 由于表面化学和表面物理的深度结合, 在单原子精度下研究纳米石墨烯的磁性变为可能, 打开了一个研究有机量子磁体的新方向. 本综述首先概述纳米石墨烯磁性的发展过程和研究现状, 然后讨论纳米石墨烯中磁性的产生机制, 接着回顾近年来实验的研究进展, 最后对低维磁性石墨烯未来发展可能遇到的挑战与机遇进行展望.

关键词:

Abstract

Delocalized p-shell electron magnetism emerging in a low-dimensional graphene system due to quantum effect is distinct from the localized d/f-shell electron’s. The delocalization effect allows the precise engineering of the magnetic ground state and magnetic exchange interactions in nanographenes, thus implementing the accurate construction of high-quality graphene-based magnetic quantum materials. In recent years, with the development of surface chemistry and surface physics, it has become feasible to study the magnetism of nanographenes with single-atom precision, thus opening a new research direction for studying purely organic quantum magnetism. This review starts from the summarizing of the research background of nanographene magnetism. Then, the physics nature behind the nanographene magnetism and recent experimental researches are discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further studying low-dimensional magnetic graphenes are briefly discussed.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

郑玉强¹,
王世勇^1,2

1.
上海交通大学李政道研究所, 上海　200240

2.
上海交通大学物理与天文学院, 上海　200240

通信作者: 王世勇, shiyong.wang@sjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2020YFA0309000)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11521404, 11634009, 92065201, 11874256, 11874258, 12074247, 11790313, 11861161003)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

2.
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Wang Shi-Yong, shiyong.wang@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0309000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11521404, 11634009, 92065201, 11874256, 11874258, 12074247, 11790313, 11861161003).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Yosida K, Mattis D C, Yosida K 1996 Theory of Magnetism (Vol. 122) (Springer Science & Business Media)
[2]	Spinelli A, Rebergen M P, Otte A F 2015 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 27 243203 Google Scholar
[3]	Foulkes W M C, Mitas L, Needs R J, Rajagopal G 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 33 Google Scholar
[4]	Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnár S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488 Google Scholar
[5]	Han W, Kawakami R K, Gmitra M, Fabian J 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 794 Google Scholar
[6]	Khajetoorians A A, Wiebe J, Chilian B, Wiesendanger R 2011 Science 332 1062 Google Scholar
[7]	Sanvito S 2011 Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 3336 Google Scholar
[8]	Bogani L, Wernsdorfer W 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 179 Google Scholar
[9]	Nadj-Perge S, Drozdov I K, Li J, Chen H, Jeon S, Seo J, MacDonald A H, Bernevig B A, Yazdani A 2014 Science 346 602 Google Scholar
[10]	Sarma S D, Freedman M, Nayak C 2015 Npj Quantum Inf. 1 1
[11]	Kurmoo M 2009 Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 1353 Google Scholar
[12]	Dong L, Liu P N, Lin N 2015 Acc. Chem. Res. 48 2765 Google Scholar
[13]	Cao Y, Fatemi V, Demir A, et al. 2018 Nature 556 80 Google Scholar
[14]	Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 43 Google Scholar
[15]	Sharpe A L, Fox E J, Barnard A W, Finney J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kastner M A 2019 Science 365 605 Google Scholar
[16]	Chen G, Sharpe A L, Fox E J, et al. 2022 Nano Lett. 22 238 Google Scholar
[17]	Ovchinnikov A A 1978 Theor. Chim. Acta 47 297 Google Scholar
[18]	Lieb E H 1989 Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 1201 Google Scholar
[19]	Tombros N, Jozsa C, Popinciuc M, Jonkman H T, van Wees B J 2007 Nature 448 571 Google Scholar
[20]	Lombardi F, Lodi A, Ma J, Liu J, Slota M, Narita A, Myers W K, Müllen K, Feng X, Bogani L 2019 Science 366 1107 Google Scholar
[21]	Min H, Hill J E, Sinitsyn N A, Sahu B R, Kleinman L, MacDonald A H 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 165310 Google Scholar
[22]	Yazyev O V, Katsnelson M I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 047209 Google Scholar
[23]	Yazyev O V 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1011 Google Scholar
[24]	Goto K, Kubo T, Yamamoto K, Nakasuji K, Sato K, Shiomi D, Takui T, Kubota M, Kobayashi T, Yakusi K, Ouyang J 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 1619 Google Scholar
[25]	Inoue J, Fukui K, Kubo T, Nakazawa S, Sato K, Shiomi D, Morita Y, Yamamoto K, Takui T, Nakasuji K 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 12702 Google Scholar
[26]	Allinson G, Bushby R J, Paillaud J L, Oduwole D, Sales K 1993 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 2062 Google Scholar
[27]	Grill L, Dyer M, Lafferentz L, Persson M, Peters M V, Hecht S 2007 Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 687 Google Scholar
[28]	Cai J, Ruffieux P, Jaafar R, Bieri M, Braun T, Blankenburg S, Muoth M, Seitsonen A P, Saleh M, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R 2010 Nature 466 470 Google Scholar
[29]	Pavliček N, Mistry A, Majzik Z, Moll N, Meyer G, Fox D J, Gross L 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 308 Google Scholar
[30]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Liu J, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 10621 Google Scholar
[31]	Su J, Telychko M, Hu P, et al. 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaav7717 Google Scholar
[32]	Li J, Sanz S, Corso M, Choi D J, Peña D, Frederiksen T, Pascual J I 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 200 Google Scholar
[33]	Mishra S, Melidonie J, Eimre K, Obermann S, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 Chem. Commun. 56 7467 Google Scholar
[34]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Kezilebieke S, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Liljeroth P, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 22 Google Scholar
[35]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Berger R, Liu J, Gröning O, Urgel J I, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 1147 Google Scholar
[36]	Zheng Y, Li C, Zhao Y, Beyer D, Wang G, Xu C, Yue X, Chen Y, Guan D D, Li Y Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Luo W, Feng X, Wang S, Jia J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 147206 Google Scholar
[37]	Li J, Sanz S, Castro-Esteban J, Vilas-Varela M, Friedrich N, Frederiksen T, Peña D, Pascual J I 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 177201 Google Scholar
[38]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Ortiz R, Fernández-Rossier J, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 12041 Google Scholar
[39]	Su X, Li C, Du Q, Tao K, Wang S, Yu P 2020 Nano Lett. 20 6859 Google Scholar
[40]	Sun Q, Mateo L M, Robles R, Ruffieux P, Lorente N, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 18109 Google Scholar
[41]	Zhao Y, Jiang K, Li C, Liu Y, Xu C, Zheng W, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Luo W, Jia J, Zhuang X, Wang S 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 18532 Google Scholar
[42]	Zheng Y, Li C, Xu C, Beyer D, Yue X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Liu J, Wang X, Luo W, Feng X, Wang S, Jia J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 6076 Google Scholar
[43]	Hieulle J, Castro S, Friedrich N, Vegliante A, Lara F R, Sanz S, Rey D, Corso M, Frederiksen T, Pascual J I, Peña D 2021 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 25224 Google Scholar
[44]	Mishra S, Xu K, Eimre K, Komber H, Ma J, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2021 Nanoscale 13 1624 Google Scholar
[45]	Su J, Fan W, Mutombo P, Peng X, Song S, Ondráček M, Golub P, Brabec J, Veis L, Telychko M, Jelínek P, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Nano Lett. 21 861 Google Scholar
[46]	Telychko M, Li G, Mutombo P, Soler-Polo D, Peng X, Su J, Song S, Koh M J, Edmonds M, Jelínek P, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Sci. Adv. 7 eabf0269 Google Scholar
[47]	Mishra S, Yao X, Chen Q, et al. 2021 Nat. Chem. 13 581 Google Scholar
[48]	Wang S Y, Zhao Y, Jiang K Y, Li C, Liu Y F, Zhu G C, Guan D D, Li Y Y, Zheng H, Liu C H, Jia J F, Zhuang X D 2021 PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-579482/v1]
[49]	Sun Q, Mateo L M, Robles R, Lorente N, Ruffieux P, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R 2021 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 16208 Google Scholar
[50]	Turco E, Mishra S, Melidonie J, Eimre K, Obermann S, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2021 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12 8314 Google Scholar
[51]	Mishra S, Catarina G, Wu F, Ortiz R, Jacob D, Eimre K, Ma J, Pignedoli C A, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Fernández-Rossier J, Fasel R 2021 Nature 598 287 Google Scholar
[52]	Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L 2022 ACS Nano 16 3264 Google Scholar
[53]	Wang T, Berdonces-Layunta A, Friedrich N, Vilas-Varela M, Calupitan J P, Pascual J I, Peña D, Casanova D, Corso M, de Oteyza D G 2022 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 4522 Google Scholar
[54]	Li C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xue FH, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Jia J, Liu P N, Li D Y, Wang S 2022 CCS Chemistry 22 01895 Google Scholar
[55]	Cheng S, Xue Z, Li C, Liu Y, Xiang L, Ke Y, Yan K, Wang S, Yu P 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 1705 Google Scholar
[56]	Biswas K, Yang L, Ma J, Sánchez-Grande A, Chen Q, Lauwaet K, Gallego J M, Miranda R, Écija D, Jelínek P, Feng X, Urgel J I 2022 Nanomaterials 12 224 Google Scholar
[57]	Costi T A 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1504 Google Scholar
[58]	Yazyev O V 2010 Rep. Prog. Phys. 73 056501 Google Scholar
[59]	Tuček J, Błoński P, Ugolotti J, Swain A K, Enoki T, Zbořil R 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 3899 Google Scholar
[60]	Dutta S, Pati S K 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 8207 Google Scholar
[61]	Houtsma R S K, de la Rie J, Stöhr M 2021 Chem. Soc. Rev. 50 6541 Google Scholar
[62]	Clair S, de Oteyza D G 2019 Chem. Rev. 119 4717 Google Scholar
[63]	Sun Q, Zhang R, Qiu J, Liu R, Xu W 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1705630 Google Scholar
[64]	Liu J, Feng X 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 23386 Google Scholar
[65]	Song S, Su J, Telychko M, Li J, Li G, Li Y, Su C, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Chem. Soc. Rev. 50 3238 Google Scholar
[66]	Su J, Telychko M, Song S, Lu J 2020 Angew. Chem. 132 7730 Google Scholar
[67]	Sun K, Fang Y, Chi L 2021 ACS Mater. Lett. 3 56 Google Scholar
[68]	Ternes M, Heinrich A J, Schneider W D 2009 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21 053001 Google Scholar
[69]	Ternes M 2015 New J. Phys. 17 063016 Google Scholar
[70]	Choi D J, Lorente N, Wiebe J, von Bergmann K, Otte A F, Heinrich A J 2019 Rev. Mod. Phys. 91 041001 Google Scholar
[71]	Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109 Google Scholar
[72]	Hubbard J, Flowers B H 1963 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. Math. Phys. Sci. 276 238
[73]	Sherrill C D, Manolopoulos D E, Martínez T J, Michaelides A 2020 J. Chem. Phys. 153 070401 Google Scholar
[74]	Ortiz R, Fernández-Rossier J 2020 Prog. Surf. Sci. 95 100595 Google Scholar
[75]	Ugeda M M, Brihuega I, Guinea F, Gómez-Rodríguez J M 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 096804 Google Scholar
[76]	González-Herrero H, Gómez-Rodríguez J M, Mallet P, Moaied M, Palacios J J, Salgado C, Ugeda M M, Veuillen J Y, Yndurain F, Brihuega I 2016 Science 352 437 Google Scholar
[77]	Cui P, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Li X, Wang W, Li Q, Zeng C, Zhang Z 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 026802 Google Scholar
[78]	Li D Y, Qiu X, Li S W, Ren Y T, Zhu Y C, Shu C H, Hou X Y, Liu M, Shi X Q, Qiu X, Liu P N 2021 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143 12955 Google Scholar
[79]	Mishra S, Lohr T G, Pignedoli C A, Liu J, Berger R, Urgel J I, Müllen K, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Fasel R 2018 ACS Nano 12 11917 Google Scholar
[80]	Lohr T G, Urgel J I, Eimre K, Liu J, Di Giovannantonio M, Mishra S, Berger R, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 13565 Google Scholar
[81]	Wang X, Sun G, Routh P, Kim D H, Huang W, Chen P 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 7067 Google Scholar
[82]	Piskun I, Blackwell R, Jornet-Somoza J, Zhao F, Rubio A, Louie S G, Fischer F R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 3696 Google Scholar
[83]	Nguyen G D, Tsai H Z, Omrani A A, et al. 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 1077 Google Scholar
[84]	Wang T, Sanz S, Castro-Esteban J, Lawrence J, Berdonces-Layunta A, Mohammed M S G, Vilas-Varela M, Corso M, Peña D, Frederiksen T, de Oteyza D G 2022 Nano Lett. 22 164 Google Scholar
[85]	Kawai S, Nakatsuka S, Hatakeyama T, Pawlak R, Meier T, Tracey J, Meyer E, Foster A S 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaar7181 Google Scholar
[86]	Blackwell R E, Zhao F, Brooks E, Zhu J, Piskun I, Wang S, Delgado A, Lee Y L, Louie S G, Fischer F R 2021 Nature 600 647 Google Scholar
[87]	Fajtlowicz S, John P E, Sachs H 2005 Croat. Chem. Acta 78 195
[88]	Solà M 2013 Front. Chem. 1 22
[89]	Sun Z, Lee S, Park K H, Zhu X, Zhang W, Zheng B, Hu P, Zeng Z, Das S, Li Y, Chi C, Li R W, Huang K W, Ding J, Kim D, Wu J 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 18229 Google Scholar
[90]	Trinquier G, Malrieu J P 2018 J. Phys. Chem. A 122 1088 Google Scholar
[91]	Yang Y, Davidson E R, Yang W 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 1993 Google Scholar
[92]	Zeng W, Sun Z, Herng T S, Gonçalves T P, Gopalakrishna T Y, Huang K W, Ding J, Wu J 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 8615 Google Scholar
[93]	Di Giovannantonio M, Eimre K, Yakutovich A V, Chen Q, Mishra S, Urgel J I, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 12346 Google Scholar
[94]	Majzik Z, Pavliček N, Vilas-Varela M, Pérez D, Moll N, Guitián E, Meyer G, Peña D, Gross L 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1198 Google Scholar
[95]	Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel J I, Beser U, Yakutovich A V, Wilhelm J, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Müllen K, Fasel R 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 3532 Google Scholar
[96]	Di Giovannantonio M, Chen Q, Urgel J I, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 12925 Google Scholar
[97]	Narita A, Feng X, Hernandez Y, et al. 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 126 Google Scholar
[98]	Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57 3888 Google Scholar
[99]	Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y J, Kuang Y M, Zhang L, Meng Q S, Luo Y, Yang J L, Dong Z C, Hou J G 2016 Nature 531 623 Google Scholar
[100]	Shen Q, Gao H Y, Fuchs H 2017 Nano Today 13 77 Google Scholar
[101]	Schuler B, Fatayer S, Mohn F, Moll N, Pavliček N, Meyer G, Peña D, Gross L 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 220 Google Scholar
[102]	Kanuru V K, Kyriakou G, Beaumont S K, Papageorgiou A C, Watson D J, Lambert R M 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 8081 Google Scholar
[103]	Weigelt S, Busse C, Bombis C, et al. 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 9227 Google Scholar
[104]	Palmino F, Loppacher C, Chérioux F 2019 Chem. Phys. Chem. 20 2271 Google Scholar
[105]	Kaiser K, Scriven L M, Schulz F, Gawel P, Gross L, Anderson H L 2019 Science 365 1299 Google Scholar
[106]	Urgel J I, Mishra S, Hayashi H, et al. 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 861 Google Scholar
[107]	Zhou X, Bebensee F, Shen Q, Bebensee R, Cheng F, He Y, Su H, Chen W, Xu G Q, Besenbacher F, Linderoth T R, Wu K 2017 Mater. Chem. Front. 1 119 Google Scholar
[108]	Yuan B, Li C, Zhao Y, et al. 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 10034 Google Scholar
[109]	Sun Q, Cai L, Wang S, Widmer R, Ju H, Zhu J, Li L, He Y, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Xu W 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 1106 Google Scholar
[110]	Riss A, Paz A P, Wickenburg S, et al. 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 678 Google Scholar
[111]	Hla S W, Bartels L, Meyer G, Rieder K H 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2777 Google Scholar
[112]	Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 22989 Google Scholar
[113]	Zhong Q, Ihle A, Ahles S, Wegner H A, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D 2021 Nat. Chem. 13 1133 Google Scholar
[114]	Talirz L, Söde H, Cai J, Ruffieux P, Blankenburg S, Jafaar R, Berger R, Feng X, Müllen K, Passerone D, Fasel R, Pignedoli C A 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 2060
[115]	Ko W, Ma C, Nguyen G D, Kolmer M, Li A P 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1903770 Google Scholar
[116]	Eisenhut F, Kühne T, García F, Fernández S, Guitián E, Pérez D, Trinquier G, Cuniberti G, Joachim C, Peña D, Moresco F 2020 ACS Nano 14 1011 Google Scholar
[117]	Anderson P W 1961 Phys. Rev. 124 41 Google Scholar
[118]	Frota H O 1992 Phys. Rev. B 45 1096 Google Scholar
[119]	Nagaoka K, Jamneala T, Grobis M, Crommie M F 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 077205 Google Scholar
[120]	Roch N, Florens S, Costi T A, Wernsdorfer W, Balestro F 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 197202 Google Scholar
[121]	Parks J J, Champagne A R, Costi T A, et al. 2010 Science 328 1370 Google Scholar
[122]	Sasaki S, De Franceschi S, Elzerman J M, van der Wiel W G, Eto M, Tarucha S, Kouwenhoven L P 2000 Nature 405 764 Google Scholar
[123]	Heinrich A J, Gupta J A, Lutz C P, Eigler D M 2004 Science 306 466 Google Scholar
[124]	Fernández-Rossier J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 256802 Google Scholar
[125]	Ortiz R, Boto R A, García-Martínez N, Sancho-García J C, Melle-Franco M, Fernández-Rossier J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 5991 Google Scholar
[126]	Bethe H 1931 Z. Für Phys. 71 205
[127]	Anderson P W 1951 Phys. Rev. 83 1260
[128]	Kubo R 1952 Phys. Rev. 87 568 Google Scholar
[129]	Oguchi T 1960 Phys. Rev. 117 117 Google Scholar
[130]	Haldane F D M 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 1153 Google Scholar
[131]	Flippen R B, Friedberg S A 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2652 Google Scholar
[132]	Sahling S, Remenyi G, Paulsen C, Monceau P, Saligrama V, Marin C, Revcolevschi A, Regnault L P, Raymond S, Lorenzo J E 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 255 Google Scholar
[133]	Caneschi A, Gatteschi D, Lalioti N, Sangregorio C, Sessoli R, Venturi G, Vindigni A, Rettori A, Pini M G, Novak M A 2001 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 1760 Google Scholar
[134]	Zhang W X, Ishikawa R, Breedlove B, Yamashita M 2013 RSC Adv. 3 3772 Google Scholar
[135]	Sun Q, Yao X, Gröning O, Eimre K, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R, Ruffieux P 2020 Nano Lett. 20 6429 Google Scholar
[136]	Rizzo D J, Veber G, Jiang J, McCurdy R, Cao T, Bronner C, Chen T, Louie S G, Fischer F R, Crommie M F 2020 Science 369 1597 Google Scholar
[137]	Carbonell-Sanromà E, Garcia-Lekue A, Corso M, et al. 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 16092 Google Scholar
[138]	Cao T, Zhao F, Louie S G 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 076401 Google Scholar
[139]	Friedrich N, Brandimarte P, Li J, Saito S, Yamaguchi S, Pozo I, Peña D, Frederiksen T, Garcia-Lekue A, Sánchez-Portal D, Pascual J I 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 146801 Google Scholar
[140]	Wiesendanger R 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1495 Google Scholar
[141]	Kolmer M, Zuzak R, Steiner A K, Zajac L, Engelund M, Godlewski S, Szymonski M, Amsharov K 2019 Science 363 57 Google Scholar
[142]	Kolmer M, Steiner A K, Izydorczyk I, Ko W, Engelund M, Szymonski M, Li A P, Amsharov K 2020 Science 369 571 Google Scholar
[143]	Auwärter W 2019 Surf. Sci. Rep. 74 1 Google Scholar
[144]	Schneider L, Brinker S, Steinbrecher M, Hermenau J, Posske T, dos Santos Dias M, Lounis S, Wiesendanger R, Wiebe J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 4707 Google Scholar
[145]	Schneider L, Beck P, Posske T, Crawford D, Mascot E, Rachel S, Wiesendanger R, Wiebe J 2021 Nat. Phys. 17 943 Google Scholar
[146]	Schneider L, Beck P, Neuhaus-Steinmetz J, Rózsa L, Posske T, Wiebe J, Wiesendanger R 2022 Nat. Nanotechnol. 17 384 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 石墨烯磁性研究的3个重点　 1) 精准化学合成: 制备不同结构的原子级精确的纳米石墨烯. 2) 低维量子磁性: 基于磁性纳米石墨烯构建低维量子自旋系统. 3) 超导近邻效应: 纳米石墨烯磁性与超导相结合

Fig. 1. Three important directions for studying graphene quantum magnetism. 1) Precise chemical synthesis: preparation of atomically precise nanographenes with different structures. 2) Low-dimensional quantum magnetism: construction of low-dimensional quantum spin system based on π-magnetic nanographene. 3) Proximity effect of superconductivity: combination of π-magnetic nanographene with superconductivity.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 三角烯^[30]和Clar’s goblet^[34]磁性的理论计算　(a), (b) 结构示意图; (c)—(f) 不考虑(c), (e)和考虑(d), (f)电子-电子间多体相互作用的平均场近似能级谱; (g), (i) 单占电子在单占轨道的分布; (h), (j) 单占电子自旋密度分布 ((c), (d), (g), (h)出自文献[30], 已获得授权)

Fig. 2. Calculation of magnetism in triangulene^[30] and Clar’s goblet^[34]: (a), (b) Molecular structure; (c)–(f) energy spectrum calculated by MFH model considering (c), (e) without and (d), (f) with electron-electron many-body interaction; (g), (i) the distribution of single-occupied electrons in single-occupied molecular orbitals; (h), (j) the distribution of spin density of single-occupied electrons ((c), (d), (g), (h) reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 π电子磁性起源于共振苯环　(a) 共振苯环结构; (b), (c) 分别为并苯和超庚烯的磁性转变; (d) n = 5超庚烯的分子结构、MFH模型的能级分布和单占电子的自旋密度分布, 磁基态为闭壳^[33]; (e) n = 7超庚烯的分子结构、MFH模型的能级分布和单占电子的自旋密度分布, 磁基态为开壳^[50] ((d), (e)出自文献[33, 50], 已获得授权)

Fig. 3. Clar sextets-induced π-magnetism: (a) Structure of Clar sextets; (b), (c) magnetic transition in acenes and super-zethrenes, respectively; (d) molecular structure, the distribution of energy level and single-occupied electrons spin density of n = 5 super-zethrenes, where magnetic ground state is close shell^[33]; (e) molecular structure, the distribution of energy level and single-occupied electrons spin density of n = 7 super-zethrenes, where magnetic ground state is open shell^[50] ((d), (e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [33, 50]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 π电子磁性起源于拓扑缺陷　(a) 双碳五环纳米石墨烯不同构型的磁基态^[93]; (b) 基于碳五环可设计的高自旋结构^[54]

Fig. 4. Topological defect-induced π-magnetism: (a) Magnetic ground states of nanographenes with double carbon-five-rings in the different configurations^[93]; (b) design of high spins structures based on carbon-five-rings^[54].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 表面化学合成磁性纳米石墨烯　(a) 原理示意图; (b)—(s) 实验合成的不同磁基态纳米石墨烯^{[30-32,34-40,42,44,45,47-51]} ((b)^[36,42], (c)^[32], (d)^[39], (e)^[37], (f)^[30], (g)^[31], (h)^[44], (i)^[45], (j)^[47], (k)^[35], (l)^[50], (m)^[38], (n)^[38], (o)^[34], (p)^[49], (q)^[40], (r)^[48], (s)^[51])

Fig. 5. On-surface synthesis of magnetic nano graphenes: (a) Schematic illustration of on-surface synthesis; (b)–(s) experimental synthesis results of nanographenes with different magnetic ground states^{[30-32,34-40,42,44,45,47-51]}.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 STM针尖诱导表面反应　(a) Ullmann反应^[111]; (b) Glaser耦合的中间态^[112]; (c) 针尖诱导去氢反应示意图^[29]; (d)—(g) 纳米石墨烯中针尖诱导去氢反应, 并逐步获得高自旋^{[29,34,37,39]} ((a), (b), (d), (e)出自文献[111, 112, 29, 39], 已获得授权)

Fig. 6. STM tip-driven on surface reactions: (a) Ullmann reaction^[111]; (b) Glaser coupling and intermediates^[112]; (c) schematic illustration of tip-driven on surface dehydrogenation^[29]; (d)–(g) tip-driven dehydrogenation in nanographenes and high spins states in the same nanographene are available step by step^{[29,34,37,39]} ((a), (b), (d), (e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [111, 112, 29, 39])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 S = 1/2纳米石墨烯的近藤效应　(a) S = 1/2的近藤共振谱示意图; (b) 近藤共振峰的空间分布^[36]; (c) 近藤温度^[36]; (d) 近藤共振峰的塞曼劈裂^[36]; (e)—(i) 多种S = 1/2纳米石墨烯的近藤效应^{[32,35,40,41,49]} ((b)—(i)出自文献[36, 32, 35, 40, 41, 49], 已获得授权)

Fig. 7. Kondo effect of S = 1/2 nanographenes: (a) Schematic illustration of Kondo resonance spectroscopy of S = 1/2; (b) spatial distribution of Kondo resonance peak^[36]; (c) Kondo temperature^[36]; (d) Zeeman splitting of Kondo resonance peak^[36]; (e)–(i) Kondo effect of various S = 1/2 nanographenes^{[32,35,40,41,49]} ((b)–(i) reproduced with permission from Ref. [36, 32, 35, 40, 41, 49]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 高自旋纳米石墨烯的近藤效应　(a) S = 1自旋的近藤共振谱示意图; (b), (c) 同一个纳米石墨烯S = 1/2和S = 1的近藤效应^[37,39] ((b), (c) 出自文献[37, 39], 已获得授权)

Fig. 8. Kondo effect of high spins nanographenes: (a) Schematic illustration of Kondo resonance spectroscopy of S = 1; (b), (c) Kondo effect of S = 1/2 and S = 1 in the same nanographene^[37,39] ((b), (c) reproduced with permission from Ref. [37, 39]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 自旋单重态纳米石墨烯的自旋交换　(a) S = 0自旋单重态的自旋翻转谱示意图; (b)—(h) 不同纳米石墨烯的自旋交换J ^{[34-36,38,42,47,50]} ((b), (c), (f)—(h)出自文献[38, 50, 35, 47], 已获得授权)

Fig. 9. Spin exchange interaction of nanographenes with singlet ground state: (a) Schematic illustration of spin-flip spectroscopy of S = 0 singlet state; (b)–(h) spin exchange interaction J of different nanographenes with singlet ground state ^{[34-36,38,42,47,50]} ((b), (c), (f)–(h) reproduced with permission from Ref. [38, 50, 35, 47]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 磁交换方向的调控　(a), (b) 联接方式改变纳米石墨烯磁基态^[38,39]; (c)—(e) AB子格碳原子直联改变磁基态^[42] ((a)—(e) 出自文献[38, 39, 42], 已获得授权)

Fig. 10. Controlling magnetic exchange direction: (a), (b) Change of magnetic ground states by different connecting configurations^[38,39]; (c)–(e) change of magnetic ground states by direct connecting two C atoms in AB sublattice respectively^[42] ((a)–(e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [38, 39, 42]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 纳米石墨烯构建一维量子自旋链　(a) S = 1/2铁磁链^[136]; (b) S = 1/2反铁磁链^[138]; (c) 基于三角烯构建S = 1反铁磁链^[51]; (d) 基于类卟啉纳米石墨烯构建S = 1反铁磁链^[48]; (e) Haldane 量子自旋链^[48,51] ((c), (d) 出自文献[51, 48], 已获得授权)

Fig. 11. Building 1D quantum spin chains with magnetic nanographenes: (a) S = 1/2 ferromagnetic spin chain^[136]; (b) S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic spin chain^[138]; (c) S = 1 antiferromagnetic quantum spin chain build with triangulene^[51]; (d) S = 1 antiferromagnetic quantum spin chain build with porphyrins-based magnetic nanographenes^[48]; (e) Haldane quantum spin chain^[48,51] ((c), (d) reproduced with permission from Ref. [51, 48]).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

map

[1]	Yosida K, Mattis D C, Yosida K 1996 Theory of Magnetism (Vol. 122) (Springer Science & Business Media)
[2]	Spinelli A, Rebergen M P, Otte A F 2015 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 27 243203 Google Scholar
[3]	Foulkes W M C, Mitas L, Needs R J, Rajagopal G 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 33 Google Scholar
[4]	Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnár S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488 Google Scholar
[5]	Han W, Kawakami R K, Gmitra M, Fabian J 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 794 Google Scholar
[6]	Khajetoorians A A, Wiebe J, Chilian B, Wiesendanger R 2011 Science 332 1062 Google Scholar
[7]	Sanvito S 2011 Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 3336 Google Scholar
[8]	Bogani L, Wernsdorfer W 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 179 Google Scholar
[9]	Nadj-Perge S, Drozdov I K, Li J, Chen H, Jeon S, Seo J, MacDonald A H, Bernevig B A, Yazdani A 2014 Science 346 602 Google Scholar
[10]	Sarma S D, Freedman M, Nayak C 2015 Npj Quantum Inf. 1 1
[11]	Kurmoo M 2009 Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 1353 Google Scholar
[12]	Dong L, Liu P N, Lin N 2015 Acc. Chem. Res. 48 2765 Google Scholar
[13]	Cao Y, Fatemi V, Demir A, et al. 2018 Nature 556 80 Google Scholar
[14]	Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 43 Google Scholar
[15]	Sharpe A L, Fox E J, Barnard A W, Finney J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kastner M A 2019 Science 365 605 Google Scholar
[16]	Chen G, Sharpe A L, Fox E J, et al. 2022 Nano Lett. 22 238 Google Scholar
[17]	Ovchinnikov A A 1978 Theor. Chim. Acta 47 297 Google Scholar
[18]	Lieb E H 1989 Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 1201 Google Scholar
[19]	Tombros N, Jozsa C, Popinciuc M, Jonkman H T, van Wees B J 2007 Nature 448 571 Google Scholar
[20]	Lombardi F, Lodi A, Ma J, Liu J, Slota M, Narita A, Myers W K, Müllen K, Feng X, Bogani L 2019 Science 366 1107 Google Scholar
[21]	Min H, Hill J E, Sinitsyn N A, Sahu B R, Kleinman L, MacDonald A H 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 165310 Google Scholar
[22]	Yazyev O V, Katsnelson M I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 047209 Google Scholar
[23]	Yazyev O V 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1011 Google Scholar
[24]	Goto K, Kubo T, Yamamoto K, Nakasuji K, Sato K, Shiomi D, Takui T, Kubota M, Kobayashi T, Yakusi K, Ouyang J 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 1619 Google Scholar
[25]	Inoue J, Fukui K, Kubo T, Nakazawa S, Sato K, Shiomi D, Morita Y, Yamamoto K, Takui T, Nakasuji K 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 12702 Google Scholar
[26]	Allinson G, Bushby R J, Paillaud J L, Oduwole D, Sales K 1993 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 2062 Google Scholar
[27]	Grill L, Dyer M, Lafferentz L, Persson M, Peters M V, Hecht S 2007 Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 687 Google Scholar
[28]	Cai J, Ruffieux P, Jaafar R, Bieri M, Braun T, Blankenburg S, Muoth M, Seitsonen A P, Saleh M, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R 2010 Nature 466 470 Google Scholar
[29]	Pavliček N, Mistry A, Majzik Z, Moll N, Meyer G, Fox D J, Gross L 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 308 Google Scholar
[30]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Liu J, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 10621 Google Scholar
[31]	Su J, Telychko M, Hu P, et al. 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaav7717 Google Scholar
[32]	Li J, Sanz S, Corso M, Choi D J, Peña D, Frederiksen T, Pascual J I 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 200 Google Scholar
[33]	Mishra S, Melidonie J, Eimre K, Obermann S, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 Chem. Commun. 56 7467 Google Scholar
[34]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Kezilebieke S, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Liljeroth P, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 22 Google Scholar
[35]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Berger R, Liu J, Gröning O, Urgel J I, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 1147 Google Scholar
[36]	Zheng Y, Li C, Zhao Y, Beyer D, Wang G, Xu C, Yue X, Chen Y, Guan D D, Li Y Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Luo W, Feng X, Wang S, Jia J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 147206 Google Scholar
[37]	Li J, Sanz S, Castro-Esteban J, Vilas-Varela M, Friedrich N, Frederiksen T, Peña D, Pascual J I 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 177201 Google Scholar
[38]	Mishra S, Beyer D, Eimre K, Ortiz R, Fernández-Rossier J, Berger R, Gröning O, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 12041 Google Scholar
[39]	Su X, Li C, Du Q, Tao K, Wang S, Yu P 2020 Nano Lett. 20 6859 Google Scholar
[40]	Sun Q, Mateo L M, Robles R, Ruffieux P, Lorente N, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 18109 Google Scholar
[41]	Zhao Y, Jiang K, Li C, Liu Y, Xu C, Zheng W, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Luo W, Jia J, Zhuang X, Wang S 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 18532 Google Scholar
[42]	Zheng Y, Li C, Xu C, Beyer D, Yue X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Liu J, Wang X, Luo W, Feng X, Wang S, Jia J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 6076 Google Scholar
[43]	Hieulle J, Castro S, Friedrich N, Vegliante A, Lara F R, Sanz S, Rey D, Corso M, Frederiksen T, Pascual J I, Peña D 2021 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 25224 Google Scholar
[44]	Mishra S, Xu K, Eimre K, Komber H, Ma J, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2021 Nanoscale 13 1624 Google Scholar
[45]	Su J, Fan W, Mutombo P, Peng X, Song S, Ondráček M, Golub P, Brabec J, Veis L, Telychko M, Jelínek P, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Nano Lett. 21 861 Google Scholar
[46]	Telychko M, Li G, Mutombo P, Soler-Polo D, Peng X, Su J, Song S, Koh M J, Edmonds M, Jelínek P, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Sci. Adv. 7 eabf0269 Google Scholar
[47]	Mishra S, Yao X, Chen Q, et al. 2021 Nat. Chem. 13 581 Google Scholar
[48]	Wang S Y, Zhao Y, Jiang K Y, Li C, Liu Y F, Zhu G C, Guan D D, Li Y Y, Zheng H, Liu C H, Jia J F, Zhuang X D 2021 PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-579482/v1]
[49]	Sun Q, Mateo L M, Robles R, Lorente N, Ruffieux P, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R 2021 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 16208 Google Scholar
[50]	Turco E, Mishra S, Melidonie J, Eimre K, Obermann S, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P 2021 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12 8314 Google Scholar
[51]	Mishra S, Catarina G, Wu F, Ortiz R, Jacob D, Eimre K, Ma J, Pignedoli C A, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Fernández-Rossier J, Fasel R 2021 Nature 598 287 Google Scholar
[52]	Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L 2022 ACS Nano 16 3264 Google Scholar
[53]	Wang T, Berdonces-Layunta A, Friedrich N, Vilas-Varela M, Calupitan J P, Pascual J I, Peña D, Casanova D, Corso M, de Oteyza D G 2022 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 4522 Google Scholar
[54]	Li C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xue FH, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Jia J, Liu P N, Li D Y, Wang S 2022 CCS Chemistry 22 01895 Google Scholar
[55]	Cheng S, Xue Z, Li C, Liu Y, Xiang L, Ke Y, Yan K, Wang S, Yu P 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 1705 Google Scholar
[56]	Biswas K, Yang L, Ma J, Sánchez-Grande A, Chen Q, Lauwaet K, Gallego J M, Miranda R, Écija D, Jelínek P, Feng X, Urgel J I 2022 Nanomaterials 12 224 Google Scholar
[57]	Costi T A 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1504 Google Scholar
[58]	Yazyev O V 2010 Rep. Prog. Phys. 73 056501 Google Scholar
[59]	Tuček J, Błoński P, Ugolotti J, Swain A K, Enoki T, Zbořil R 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 3899 Google Scholar
[60]	Dutta S, Pati S K 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 8207 Google Scholar
[61]	Houtsma R S K, de la Rie J, Stöhr M 2021 Chem. Soc. Rev. 50 6541 Google Scholar
[62]	Clair S, de Oteyza D G 2019 Chem. Rev. 119 4717 Google Scholar
[63]	Sun Q, Zhang R, Qiu J, Liu R, Xu W 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1705630 Google Scholar
[64]	Liu J, Feng X 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 23386 Google Scholar
[65]	Song S, Su J, Telychko M, Li J, Li G, Li Y, Su C, Wu J, Lu J 2021 Chem. Soc. Rev. 50 3238 Google Scholar
[66]	Su J, Telychko M, Song S, Lu J 2020 Angew. Chem. 132 7730 Google Scholar
[67]	Sun K, Fang Y, Chi L 2021 ACS Mater. Lett. 3 56 Google Scholar
[68]	Ternes M, Heinrich A J, Schneider W D 2009 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21 053001 Google Scholar
[69]	Ternes M 2015 New J. Phys. 17 063016 Google Scholar
[70]	Choi D J, Lorente N, Wiebe J, von Bergmann K, Otte A F, Heinrich A J 2019 Rev. Mod. Phys. 91 041001 Google Scholar
[71]	Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109 Google Scholar
[72]	Hubbard J, Flowers B H 1963 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. Math. Phys. Sci. 276 238
[73]	Sherrill C D, Manolopoulos D E, Martínez T J, Michaelides A 2020 J. Chem. Phys. 153 070401 Google Scholar
[74]	Ortiz R, Fernández-Rossier J 2020 Prog. Surf. Sci. 95 100595 Google Scholar
[75]	Ugeda M M, Brihuega I, Guinea F, Gómez-Rodríguez J M 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 096804 Google Scholar
[76]	González-Herrero H, Gómez-Rodríguez J M, Mallet P, Moaied M, Palacios J J, Salgado C, Ugeda M M, Veuillen J Y, Yndurain F, Brihuega I 2016 Science 352 437 Google Scholar
[77]	Cui P, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Li X, Wang W, Li Q, Zeng C, Zhang Z 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 026802 Google Scholar
[78]	Li D Y, Qiu X, Li S W, Ren Y T, Zhu Y C, Shu C H, Hou X Y, Liu M, Shi X Q, Qiu X, Liu P N 2021 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143 12955 Google Scholar
[79]	Mishra S, Lohr T G, Pignedoli C A, Liu J, Berger R, Urgel J I, Müllen K, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Fasel R 2018 ACS Nano 12 11917 Google Scholar
[80]	Lohr T G, Urgel J I, Eimre K, Liu J, Di Giovannantonio M, Mishra S, Berger R, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli C A, Fasel R, Feng X 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 13565 Google Scholar
[81]	Wang X, Sun G, Routh P, Kim D H, Huang W, Chen P 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 7067 Google Scholar
[82]	Piskun I, Blackwell R, Jornet-Somoza J, Zhao F, Rubio A, Louie S G, Fischer F R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 3696 Google Scholar
[83]	Nguyen G D, Tsai H Z, Omrani A A, et al. 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 1077 Google Scholar
[84]	Wang T, Sanz S, Castro-Esteban J, Lawrence J, Berdonces-Layunta A, Mohammed M S G, Vilas-Varela M, Corso M, Peña D, Frederiksen T, de Oteyza D G 2022 Nano Lett. 22 164 Google Scholar
[85]	Kawai S, Nakatsuka S, Hatakeyama T, Pawlak R, Meier T, Tracey J, Meyer E, Foster A S 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaar7181 Google Scholar
[86]	Blackwell R E, Zhao F, Brooks E, Zhu J, Piskun I, Wang S, Delgado A, Lee Y L, Louie S G, Fischer F R 2021 Nature 600 647 Google Scholar
[87]	Fajtlowicz S, John P E, Sachs H 2005 Croat. Chem. Acta 78 195
[88]	Solà M 2013 Front. Chem. 1 22
[89]	Sun Z, Lee S, Park K H, Zhu X, Zhang W, Zheng B, Hu P, Zeng Z, Das S, Li Y, Chi C, Li R W, Huang K W, Ding J, Kim D, Wu J 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 18229 Google Scholar
[90]	Trinquier G, Malrieu J P 2018 J. Phys. Chem. A 122 1088 Google Scholar
[91]	Yang Y, Davidson E R, Yang W 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 1993 Google Scholar
[92]	Zeng W, Sun Z, Herng T S, Gonçalves T P, Gopalakrishna T Y, Huang K W, Ding J, Wu J 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 8615 Google Scholar
[93]	Di Giovannantonio M, Eimre K, Yakutovich A V, Chen Q, Mishra S, Urgel J I, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 12346 Google Scholar
[94]	Majzik Z, Pavliček N, Vilas-Varela M, Pérez D, Moll N, Guitián E, Meyer G, Peña D, Gross L 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1198 Google Scholar
[95]	Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel J I, Beser U, Yakutovich A V, Wilhelm J, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Müllen K, Fasel R 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 3532 Google Scholar
[96]	Di Giovannantonio M, Chen Q, Urgel J I, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 12925 Google Scholar
[97]	Narita A, Feng X, Hernandez Y, et al. 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 126 Google Scholar
[98]	Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57 3888 Google Scholar
[99]	Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y J, Kuang Y M, Zhang L, Meng Q S, Luo Y, Yang J L, Dong Z C, Hou J G 2016 Nature 531 623 Google Scholar
[100]	Shen Q, Gao H Y, Fuchs H 2017 Nano Today 13 77 Google Scholar
[101]	Schuler B, Fatayer S, Mohn F, Moll N, Pavliček N, Meyer G, Peña D, Gross L 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 220 Google Scholar
[102]	Kanuru V K, Kyriakou G, Beaumont S K, Papageorgiou A C, Watson D J, Lambert R M 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 8081 Google Scholar
[103]	Weigelt S, Busse C, Bombis C, et al. 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 9227 Google Scholar
[104]	Palmino F, Loppacher C, Chérioux F 2019 Chem. Phys. Chem. 20 2271 Google Scholar
[105]	Kaiser K, Scriven L M, Schulz F, Gawel P, Gross L, Anderson H L 2019 Science 365 1299 Google Scholar
[106]	Urgel J I, Mishra S, Hayashi H, et al. 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 861 Google Scholar
[107]	Zhou X, Bebensee F, Shen Q, Bebensee R, Cheng F, He Y, Su H, Chen W, Xu G Q, Besenbacher F, Linderoth T R, Wu K 2017 Mater. Chem. Front. 1 119 Google Scholar
[108]	Yuan B, Li C, Zhao Y, et al. 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 10034 Google Scholar
[109]	Sun Q, Cai L, Wang S, Widmer R, Ju H, Zhu J, Li L, He Y, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Xu W 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 1106 Google Scholar
[110]	Riss A, Paz A P, Wickenburg S, et al. 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 678 Google Scholar
[111]	Hla S W, Bartels L, Meyer G, Rieder K H 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2777 Google Scholar
[112]	Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 22989 Google Scholar
[113]	Zhong Q, Ihle A, Ahles S, Wegner H A, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D 2021 Nat. Chem. 13 1133 Google Scholar
[114]	Talirz L, Söde H, Cai J, Ruffieux P, Blankenburg S, Jafaar R, Berger R, Feng X, Müllen K, Passerone D, Fasel R, Pignedoli C A 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 2060
[115]	Ko W, Ma C, Nguyen G D, Kolmer M, Li A P 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1903770 Google Scholar
[116]	Eisenhut F, Kühne T, García F, Fernández S, Guitián E, Pérez D, Trinquier G, Cuniberti G, Joachim C, Peña D, Moresco F 2020 ACS Nano 14 1011 Google Scholar
[117]	Anderson P W 1961 Phys. Rev. 124 41 Google Scholar
[118]	Frota H O 1992 Phys. Rev. B 45 1096 Google Scholar
[119]	Nagaoka K, Jamneala T, Grobis M, Crommie M F 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 077205 Google Scholar
[120]	Roch N, Florens S, Costi T A, Wernsdorfer W, Balestro F 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 197202 Google Scholar
[121]	Parks J J, Champagne A R, Costi T A, et al. 2010 Science 328 1370 Google Scholar
[122]	Sasaki S, De Franceschi S, Elzerman J M, van der Wiel W G, Eto M, Tarucha S, Kouwenhoven L P 2000 Nature 405 764 Google Scholar
[123]	Heinrich A J, Gupta J A, Lutz C P, Eigler D M 2004 Science 306 466 Google Scholar
[124]	Fernández-Rossier J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 256802 Google Scholar
[125]	Ortiz R, Boto R A, García-Martínez N, Sancho-García J C, Melle-Franco M, Fernández-Rossier J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 5991 Google Scholar
[126]	Bethe H 1931 Z. Für Phys. 71 205
[127]	Anderson P W 1951 Phys. Rev. 83 1260
[128]	Kubo R 1952 Phys. Rev. 87 568 Google Scholar
[129]	Oguchi T 1960 Phys. Rev. 117 117 Google Scholar
[130]	Haldane F D M 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 1153 Google Scholar
[131]	Flippen R B, Friedberg S A 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2652 Google Scholar
[132]	Sahling S, Remenyi G, Paulsen C, Monceau P, Saligrama V, Marin C, Revcolevschi A, Regnault L P, Raymond S, Lorenzo J E 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 255 Google Scholar
[133]	Caneschi A, Gatteschi D, Lalioti N, Sangregorio C, Sessoli R, Venturi G, Vindigni A, Rettori A, Pini M G, Novak M A 2001 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 1760 Google Scholar
[134]	Zhang W X, Ishikawa R, Breedlove B, Yamashita M 2013 RSC Adv. 3 3772 Google Scholar
[135]	Sun Q, Yao X, Gröning O, Eimre K, Pignedoli C A, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R, Ruffieux P 2020 Nano Lett. 20 6429 Google Scholar
[136]	Rizzo D J, Veber G, Jiang J, McCurdy R, Cao T, Bronner C, Chen T, Louie S G, Fischer F R, Crommie M F 2020 Science 369 1597 Google Scholar
[137]	Carbonell-Sanromà E, Garcia-Lekue A, Corso M, et al. 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 16092 Google Scholar
[138]	Cao T, Zhao F, Louie S G 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 076401 Google Scholar
[139]	Friedrich N, Brandimarte P, Li J, Saito S, Yamaguchi S, Pozo I, Peña D, Frederiksen T, Garcia-Lekue A, Sánchez-Portal D, Pascual J I 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 146801 Google Scholar
[140]	Wiesendanger R 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1495 Google Scholar
[141]	Kolmer M, Zuzak R, Steiner A K, Zajac L, Engelund M, Godlewski S, Szymonski M, Amsharov K 2019 Science 363 57 Google Scholar
[142]	Kolmer M, Steiner A K, Izydorczyk I, Ko W, Engelund M, Szymonski M, Li A P, Amsharov K 2020 Science 369 571 Google Scholar
[143]	Auwärter W 2019 Surf. Sci. Rep. 74 1 Google Scholar
[144]	Schneider L, Brinker S, Steinbrecher M, Hermenau J, Posske T, dos Santos Dias M, Lounis S, Wiesendanger R, Wiebe J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 4707 Google Scholar
[145]	Schneider L, Beck P, Posske T, Crawford D, Mascot E, Rachel S, Wiesendanger R, Wiebe J 2021 Nat. Phys. 17 943 Google Scholar
[146]	Schneider L, Beck P, Neuhaus-Steinmetz J, Rózsa L, Posske T, Wiebe J, Wiesendanger R 2022 Nat. Nanotechnol. 17 384 Google Scholar

[1]	唐海涛, 米壮, 王文宇, 唐向前, 叶霞, 单欣岩, 陆兴华. 用于扫描隧道显微镜的低噪声前置电流放大器. , 2024, 73(13): 130702. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240560
[2]	黄德饶, 宋俊杰, 何丕模, 黄凯凯, 张寒洁. Ru(0001)上的9,9'-二亚呫吨分子吸附行为和石墨烯摩尔超结构研究. , 2022, 0(0): . doi: 10.7498/aps.7120221057
[3]	胡聚罡, 贾振宇, 李绍春. 碳化硅衬底上外延双层石墨烯的电输运性质. , 2022, 71(12): 127204. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220062
[4]	李渊, 邓翰宾, 王翠香, 李帅帅, 刘立民, 朱长江, 贾可, 孙英开, 杜鑫, 于鑫, 关童, 武睿, 张书源, 石友国, 毛寒青. 反铁磁轴子绝缘体候选材料EuIn₂As₂的表面原子排布和电子结构. , 2021, 70(18): 186801. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210783
[5]	张志模, 张文号, 付英双. 二维拓扑绝缘体的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2019, 68(22): 226801. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191631
[6]	顾强强, 万思源, 杨欢, 闻海虎. 铁基超导体的扫描隧道显微镜研究进展. , 2018, 67(20): 207401. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181818
[7]	郭辉, 路红亮, 黄立, 王雪艳, 林晓, 王业亮, 杜世萱, 高鸿钧. 金属衬底上高质量大面积石墨烯的插层及其机制. , 2017, 66(21): 216803. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.216803
[8]	徐丹, 殷俊, 孙昊桦, 王观勇, 钱冬, 管丹丹, 李耀义, 郭万林, 刘灿华, 贾金锋. 铜箔上生长的六角氮化硼薄膜的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2016, 65(11): 116801. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.116801
[9]	庞宗强, 张悦, 戎舟, 江兵, 刘瑞兰, 唐超. 利用扫描隧道显微镜研究水分子在Cu(110)表面的吸附与分解. , 2016, 65(22): 226801. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.226801
[10]	刘梦溪, 张艳锋, 刘忠范. 石墨烯-六方氮化硼面内异质结构的扫描隧道显微学研究. , 2015, 64(7): 078101. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.078101
[11]	黄向前, 林陈昉, 尹秀丽, 赵汝光, 王恩哥, 胡宗海. 一维石墨烯超晶格上的氢吸附. , 2014, 63(19): 197301. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.197301
[12]	冯卫, 赵爱迪. 钴原子及其团簇在Rh(111)和Pd(111)表面的扫描隧道显微学研究. , 2012, 61(17): 173601. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.173601
[13]	黄仁忠, 刘柳, 杨文静. 扫描隧道显微镜针尖调制的薄膜表面的原子扩散. , 2011, 60(11): 116803. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.116803
[14]	杨景景, 杜文汉. Sr/Si(100)表面TiSi2纳米岛的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2011, 60(3): 037301. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.037301
[15]	王祺, 赵华波, 张朝晖. 高定向热解石墨表面局域导电增强现象的扫描探针显微学研究. , 2008, 57(5): 3059-3063. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.3059
[16]	贾金锋, 董国材, 王立莉, 马旭村, 薛其坤, Y. Hasegawa T. Sakurai. 局域功函数图像及其在Cu(111)-Au/Pd表面的应用. , 2005, 54(4): 1513-1527. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.1513
[17]	葛四平, 朱星, 杨威生. 用扫描隧道显微镜操纵Cu亚表面自间隙原子. , 2005, 54(2): 824-831. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.824
[18]	陈永军, 赵汝光, 杨威生. 长链烷烃和醇在石墨表面吸附的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2005, 54(1): 284-290. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.284
[19]	汪雷, 唐景昌, 王学森. Si3N4/Si表面Si生长过程的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2001, 50(3): 517-522. doi: 10.7498/aps.50.517
[20]	王浩, 赵学应, 杨威生. 天冬氨酸在Cu(001)表面吸附的扫描隧道显微镜研究. , 2000, 49(7): 1316-1320. doi: 10.7498/aps.49.1316

计量

文章访问数: 7830
PDF下载量: 349
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板

低维石墨烯体系中的离域磁性