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超短超强激光与物质相互作用产生的高能带电粒子束在放射照相中具有重要应用. 当几十到几百MeV动能的高能带电粒子束穿过薄膜靶时, 能量损失可忽略, 主要发生小角散射. 由于该散射效应, 高能带电粒子束对具有横向陡峭密度梯度区的靶照相, 透射束在探测面上的通量密度分布中会出现靶密度梯度区散射产生的调制现象, 有可能反过来诊断出陡峭密度梯度区信息. 目前主要采用蒙特卡罗方法对带电粒子束发生散射和产生调制现象进行理论分析, 不仅计算时间长, 计算的参数范围也有限. 本文发展了一个解析模型, 用来处理带电粒子束在靶中传输的散射效应以及在探测面上产生的调制现象, 能够快速给出结果, 而且与蒙特卡罗方法数值计算的结果符合很好. 使用本文解析模型, 对带电粒子束照相密度梯度靶产生散射调制现象的特征进行了分析. 提出了一个与照相条件有关的无量纲参量, 其取值范围决定了散射调制信号特征以及诊断陡峭密度梯度区的可能性.Energetic charged-particle beams produced from ultrashort ultra-intense laser plasma interactions play a vital role in charged-particle radiography. When such an energetic beam penetrates through a foil target, its energy loss is negligible, and the main physics process is small-angle scattering. Owing to this scattering effect, charged-particle radiography of a target with a transversely distributed steep density gradient region will produce a modulation structure in the fluence distribution on the detection plane, which could be used to diagnose the steep density gradient region. In the past, the theoretical work on the scattering effect and the resulting modulation structure was done with Monte-Carlo simulations, which cost a lot of computing time and the studied parameter range was limited. In the present work, an analytical model is developed to deal with the scattering effect inside the target and the modulation structure on the detection plane in radiography, which can quickly present the results that coincide with Monte-Carlo simulations very well. By using this analytical model, the characteristics of modulation structures are analyzed. A dimensionless characteristic parameter related to radiography conditions is put forward, and its range determines different modulation structures and also the probability of diagnosing a steep density gradient region with a width
$\lesssim $ 2 μm.-
Keywords:
- scattering /
- radiography /
- charged-particle beam
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图 1 准直带电粒子束被平面靶散射后的角分布示意图
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the angular distribution of a collimated charged particle beam scattered by a plane target.
图 2 带电粒子束照相一维密度梯度分布靶 (a) 照相示意图; (b) 梯度靶的密度分布示意图
Fig. 2. A charged particle beam radiographs a planar target with a one-dimensional density gradient: (a) The schematic diagram of radiography; (b) the schematic of density profile around the density gradient region.
图 3 沿x方向的电子通量密度分布 (a)单能电子束; (b)不同能散电子束
Fig. 3. The electron fluence distribution along x direction for an incident electron beam: (a) Mono energy; (b) different energy spread.
图 4 沿x方向的电子通量密度分布 (a) d = 0 μm; (b) d = 1 μm
Fig. 4. The electron fluence distribution along x direction: (a) d = 0 μm; (b) d = 1 μm.
图 5 电子束对多层球靶照相的示意图
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram for an electron beam radiographing a spherically multilayer capsule.
图 6 Fluka模拟结果 (a) 探测面上电子图像; (b) y = 0附近沿x方向的通量密度分布
Fig. 6. Results from Fluka simulation: (a) Electron radiograph on the detection plane; (b) fluence distribution along the x direction around y = 0.
图 7 解析模型的结果 (a) 散射角宽度的径向分布; (b) y = 0处通量密度分布和Fluka模拟结果
Fig. 7. Results from the analytical model: (a) Distribution of the scattered angle in the radial direction; (b) the fluence distributions from the analytical model and Fluka simulation, respectively.
图 8 不同照相参数条件下典型调制信号形状
Fig. 8. Representative modulation structures under different radiography conditions.
图 9 调制信号特征量和ω随照相参数的变化 (a) 点源发散束情况下改变梯度区宽度; (b) 改变点源与靶的间距; (c) 点源发散束和平行束条件下改变靶与探测面距离; (d) 无量纲的调制信号特征量随ω的变化关系
Fig. 9. Dependence of the characteristic quantities and ω on the change of: (a) Density gradient width by using a point-source beam for radiography; (b) point source-to-target distance; (c) target-to-detection plane distance by using a parallel beam or a point-source beam for radiography, respectively; (d) the relation of the dimensionless characteristic quantities to ω.
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[1] Zohuri B 2017 Inertial Confinement Fusion Driven Thermonuclear Energy (Cham: Springer International Publishing AG)
[2] Lindl J 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 3933
Google Scholar
[3] Chen B, Yang Z, Wei M, Pu Y, Hu X, Chen T, Liu S, Yan J, Huang T, Jiang S, Ding Y 2014 Phys. Plasmas. 21 122705
Google Scholar
[4] 陆中伟, 王晓方 2019 68 035202
Google Scholar
Lu Z W, Wang X F 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 035202
Google Scholar
[5] Marshall F J, Ivancic S T, Mileham C, Nilson P M, Ruby J J, Stoeckl C, Scheiner B S, Schmitt M J 2021 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92 033701
Google Scholar
[6] Higginson A, Gray R J, King M, et al. 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 724
Google Scholar
[7] Gonsalves A J, Nakamura K, Daniels J, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 084801
Google Scholar
[8] Li C K, Séguin F H, Frenje J A, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 135003
Google Scholar
[9] Du B, Wang X F 2018 AIP Adv. 8 125328
Google Scholar
[10] Mackinnon A J, Patel P K, Borghesi M, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 045001
Google Scholar
[11] Cobble J A, Johnson R P, Cowan T E, Renard-Le Galloudec N, Allen M 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 1775
Google Scholar
[12] 温树槐, 丁永坤 2012 激光惯性约束聚变诊断学 (北京: 国防工业出版社)
Wen S H, Ding Y K 2012 Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion Diagnostics (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) (in Chinese)
[13] 滕建, 洪伟, 赵宗清, 巫顺超, 秦孝尊, 何颖玲, 谷渝秋, 丁永坤 2009 58 1635
Google Scholar
Teng J, Hong W, Zhao Z Q, Wu S C, Qin X Z, He Y L, Gu Y Q, Ding Y K 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1635
Google Scholar
[14] 肖渊, 王晓方, 滕建, 陈晓虎, 陈媛, 洪伟 2012 61 234102
Google Scholar
Xiao Y, Wang X F, Teng J, Chen X H, Chen Y, Hong W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234102
Google Scholar
[15] 陈媛, 王晓方, 邵光超 2015 64 154101
Google Scholar
Chen Y, Wang X F, Shao G C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 154101
Google Scholar
[16] Bethe H A 1953 Phys. Rev. 89 1256
Google Scholar
[17] Highland V L 1975 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 129 497
Google Scholar
[18] Shao G, Wang X 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 092703
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang Y, Wang X 2020 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62 095023
Google Scholar
[20] Wu X J, Wang X F, Chen X H 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 065201
Google Scholar
[21] Ferrari A, Sala P R, Fassò A, Ranft J, Siegen U 2005 FLUKA: A Multi-particle Transport Code No. SLAC-R-773 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
[22] Jackson J D 2005 Classical Electrodynamics (3rd Ed.) (Beijing: Higher Education Press)
[23] 汪晓莲, 李澄, 邵明, 陈宏芳 2009 粒子探测技术 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)
Wang X L, Li C, Shao M, Chen H F 2009 The Technique of Particle Detection (Hefei: USTC Press) (in Chinese)
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