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基于激光尾场加速电子的高能X射线源具有高光子能量与小源尺寸的特点，在高空间分辨无损检测方面发挥着十分重要的作用.在X光机上测量了CsI针状闪烁屏、锗酸铋（BGO）闪烁阵列与DRZ闪烁屏的本征空间分辨率，并模拟了三类探测器对高能X射线的能量沉积响应，其中CsI针状闪烁屏的空间分辨率高达8.7 lp/mm.采用Ta转换靶产生的高能X射线开展透视照相，能够分辨最高面密度33.0 g/cm2的两层客体结构.开展了X射线照相、X射线与电子混合照相以及电子照相三种情况的比对实验，在X射线产额不足或探测效率不够情况下采用X射线与电子混合透视照相的方案，以牺牲对比度为代价，能较大程度地提高图像信号强度.High energy X-ray sources based on laser-wakefield accelerated electron beams have several important advantages, including high photon energy and small source size, and have many important applications such as high resolution radiography in non-destructive testing. Firstly, the thickness of electron converter is optimized with the targets Ta, W and Pb each with an optimal thickness of 2 mm. We calibrate the intrinsic spatial resolution of CsI needle-like scintillation screen, bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) scintillation array and DRZ scintillation screen with an X-ray tube. And the spatial resolution of CsI needle-like scintillation screen is as high as 8.7 lp/mm. The energy deposition responses of these three detectors to high X-ray are also simulated. Experiments show that the features of a two-layer object can be resolved up to an area density of 33.0 g/cm2 by using the high X-ray source generated by injecting laser-wakefield accelerated electron beam into a Ta convertor target. Experiment that compares X-ray radiography, mixed radiography of X-ray and electron, and electron radiography, is also carried out. Since low X-ray yield and low detection efficiency are two serious problems in high energy X-ray radiography based on laser-wakefield accelerated electron beams, we propose and prove a method of improving image signal intensity greatly at the cost of image contrast by adopting the mixed radiography of X-ray and electron.
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Keywords:
- laser wakefield acceleration /
- high energy X-ray /
- non-destructive testing /
- imaging detector
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[1] Tajima T, Dawson J M 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267
[2] Mangles S P D, Thomas A G R, Lundh O, Lindau F, Kaluza M C, Persson A, Wahstrom C G, Krushelnick K, Najmudin Z 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 056702
[3] Hafz N A M, Jeong T M, Choi I W, Lee S K, Pae K H, Kulagin V V, Sung J H, Yu T J, Hong K H, Hosokai T, Cary J R, Ko D K, Lee J 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 571
[4] Dong K G, Gu Y Q, Zhu B, Wu Y C, Cao L F, He Y L, Liu H J, Hong W, Zhou W M, Zhao Z Q, Jiao C Y, Wen X L, Zhang B H, Wang X F 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 8733 (in Chinese) [董克攻, 谷渝秋, 朱斌, 吴玉迟, 曹磊峰, 何颖玲, 刘红杰, 洪伟, 周维民, 赵宗清, 焦春晔, 温贤伦, 张保汉, 王晓方 2010 59 8733]
[5] Leemans W P, Nagler B, Gonsalves A J, Toth C, Nakamura K, Geddes C G R, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Hooker S M 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 696
[6] Osterhoff J, Popp A, Major Z, Marx B, Rowlands-Rees T P, Fuchs M, Geissler M, Horlein R, Hidding B, Becker S, Peralta E A, Schramm U, Gruner F, Habs D, Krausz F, Hooker S M, Karsch S 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 085002
[7] Geddes C G R, Nakamura K, Plateau G R, Toth C, Cormier-Michel E, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Cary J R, Leemans W P 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 215004
[8] Wang T, Wang X F 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 044102 (in Chinese) [王通, 王晓方 2016 65 044102]
[9] Faure J, Rechatin C, Norlin A, Lifschitz A, Glinec Y, Malka V 2006 Nature 444 737
[10] Rechatin C, Faure J, Ben-Ismail A, Lim J, Fitour R, Specka A, Videau H, Tafzi A, Burgy F, Malka V 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 164801
[11] Faure J, Glinec Y, Pukhov A, Kiselev S, Gordienko S, Lefebvre E, Rousseau J P, Burgy F, Malka V 2004 Nature 431 541
[12] Mangles S P D, Murphy C D, Najmudin Z, Thomas A G R, Collier J L, Dangor A E, Divall E J, Foster P S, Gallacher J G, Hooker C J, Jaroszynski D A, Langley A J, Mori W B, Norreys P A, Tsung F S, Viskup R, Walton B R, Krushelnick K 2004 Nature 431 535
[13] Geddes C G R, Toth C, Tilborg J V, Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Bruhwiler D, Nieter C, Cary J, Leemans W P 2004 Nature 431 538
[14] Yoshitama H, Kameshima T, Gu Y Q, Guo Y, Jiao C Y, Liu H J, Peng H S, Tang C M, Wang X D, Wen X L, Wen T S, Wu Y C, Zhang B H, Zhu Q H, Huang X J, An W M, Hung W H, Tang C X, Lin Y Z, Wang X D, Chen L M, Kotaki H, Kando M, Nakajima K 2008 Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 2938
[15] Li W T, Wang W T, Liu J S, Wang C, Zhang Z J, Qi R, Yu C H, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 015205
[16] Plateau G R, Geddes C G R, Thorn D B, Chen M, Benedetti C, Esarey E, Gonsalves A J, Matlis N H, Nakamura K, Schroeder C B, Shiraishi S, Sokollik T, Tilborg J V, Toth C, Trotsenko S, Kim T S, Battaglia M, Stohlker T, Leemans W P 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 064802
[17] Leemans W P, Rodgers D, Catravas P E, Geddes C G R, Fubiani G, Esarey E, Shadwick B A, Donahue R, Smith A 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 2510
[18] Glinec Y, Faure J, Dain L L, Darbon S, Hosokai T, Santos J J, Lefebvre E, Rousseau J P, Burgy F, Mercier B, Malka V 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 025003
[19] Ben-Ismail A, Lundh O, Rechatin C, Lim J K, Faure J, Corde S, Malka V 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 264101
[20] Phuoc K T, Corde S, Thaury C, Malka V, Tafzi A, Goddet J P, Shah R C, Sebban S, Rousse A 2012 Nat. Photon. 6 308
[21] Chen S, Powers N D, Ghebregziabher I, Maharjan C M, Liu C, Golovin G, Banerjee S, Zhang J, Cunningham N, Moorti A, Clarke S, Pozzi S, Umstadter D P 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 155003
[22] Giulietti A, Bourgeois N, Ceccotti T, Davoine X, Dobosz S, D'Oliveira P, Galimberti M, Galy J, Gamucci A, Giulietti D, Gizzi L A, Hamilton D J, Lefebvre E, Labate L, Marques J R, Monot P, Popescu H, Reau F, Sarri G, Tomassini P, Martin P 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 105002
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[24] Edwards R D, Sinclair M A, Goldsack T J, Krushelnick K, Beg F N, Clark E L, Dangor A E, Najmudin Z, Tatarakis M, Walton B, Zepf M, Ledingham K W D, Spencer I, Norreys P A, Clarke R J, Kodama R, Toyama Y, Tampo M 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 2129
[25] Ben-Ismail A, Faure J, Malka V 2011 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 629 382
[26] Dopp A, Guillaume E, Thaury C, Lifschitz A, Sylla F, Goddet J P, Tafzi A, Iaquanello G, Lefrou T, Rousseau P, Conejero E, Ruiz C, Phuoc K T, Malka V 2016 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 830 515
[27] Felicie A, Thomas A G R 2016 Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 58 103001
[28] Zhang C Z, Guo Z P, Zhang P, Wang X G 2009 Technology and Principle of Industrial CT (Beijing: Science Press) pp40, 41 (in Chinese) [张朝宗, 郭志平, 张朋, 王贤刚 2009 工业CT技术和原理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第40, 41页]
[29] Nagarkar V V, Gupta T K, Miller S R, Klugerman Y, Squillante M R, Entine G 1998 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 45 492
[30] Coltman J W 1954 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44 468
[31] Park H S, Chambers D M, Chung H K, Clarke R J, Eagleton R, Giraldez E, Goldsack T, Heathcote R, Izumi N, Key M H, King J A, Koch J A, Landen O L, Nikroo A, Patel P K, Price D F, Remington B A, Robey H F, Snavely R A, Steinman D A, Stephens R B, Stoeckl C, Storm M, Tabak M, Theobald W, Town R P J, Wickersham J E, Zhang B B 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056309
[32] Gonzalez R C, Woods R E, Eddins S L(translated by Ruan Q Q)2013 Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB (2nd Ed.) (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp54-58 (in Chinese) [Gonzalez R C, Woods R E, Eddins S L 著 (阮秋琦 译) 2013 数字图像处理的MATLAB实现(第二版)(北京: 清华大学出版社)第54--58页]
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