基于电磁超表面的透镜成像技术研究进展

范庆斌; 徐挺

doi:10.7498/aps.66.144208

摘要

电磁超表面属于超材料的一种，是由许多亚波长纳米结构单元组成的二维功能性平面结构.根据惠更斯原理，超表面阵列可以任意调控光波的相位、振幅和偏振.与传统器件相比，基于这种超材料设计的光学功能器件最大的优势是其具有极薄的厚度.本文首先介绍了广义斯涅耳定律以及纳米单元结构调控相位的基本原理，重点归纳了电磁超表面在透镜成像技术方面的研究进展，包括等离子体超表面、全介质超表面以及金属/介质混合式超表面在成像方面的应用，最后指出了超表面在成像方面尚未解决的前沿问题以及与实际应用接轨的重要问题，希望能为以后的深入研究提供一定的参考和借鉴.

关键词:

Abstract

Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificial structures engineered on a subwavelength scale to have optical properties that are not observed in their constituent materials and may not be found in nature either, such as negative refractive index. They have enabled unprecedented flexibility in manipulating light waves and producing various novel optical functionalities. Since the beginning of this century, with the development of nanofabrication and characterization technologies, there has been aroused a tremendous growing interest in the study of electromagnetic metamaterials and their potential applications in different fields including super-resolution imaging, optical biosensing, electromagnetic cloaking, photonic circuits and data storage. Electromagnetic metasurfaces are two-dimensional metamaterials composed of subwavelength planar building blocks. Although metasurfaces sacrifice some functionalities compared with their bulk counterparts, they provide us with distinct possibility to fully control light wave with ultrathin planar structures. Based on Huygens principle, the metasurfaces are able to arbitrarily manipulate the phases, amplitudes or polarizations of optical waves. For example, metasurfaces made of gold nanoantenna-arrays are able to create phase discontinuities for light propagating through the interfaces and drastically change the flows of reflected and refracted light at infrared frequencies. Comparing traditional dielectric optic elements, the thickness values of metasurface-based optical devices are much smaller. In addition to the control of free-space incident light, metasurfaces can also be used to precisely control and manipulate surface electromagnetic waves. In this review, we introduce the generalized Snell's law and the fundamental principles to modulate phase by using metasurfaces. Research progress of a variety of imaging technologies based on metasurfaces is then presented, including plasmonic metasurface, all-dielectric metasurface and metal/insulator hybrid metasurface. Finally, we summarize several frontier problems associated with metasurface, which maybe provide some references for the future researches and applications.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

范庆斌,
徐挺

1.
南京大学, 固体微结构物理国家重点实验室, 南京 210093

通信作者: 徐挺, xuting@nju.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（批准号：61575092）和国家重点研发计划（批准号：2016YFA0202100）资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Corresponding author: Xu Ting, xuting@nju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61575092) and the Key Research and Development Program from Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0202100).

参考文献

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[69]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Ball A J, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7069
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[74]	Bokor N, Davidson N 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 5906
[75]	Buralli D A, Morris G M 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3950

施引文献

[1]	Veselago V G 1968 Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 509
[2]	Pendry J B 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3966
[3]	Vodo P, Lu W T, Sridhar S 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 201108
[4]	Parazzoli C G, Grcegor R B, Niclsen J A, Thompson M A, Li K, Vetter A M, Vier D C 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3232
[5]	Xu T, Agrawal A, Abashin M, Chau K J, Lezec H J 2013 Nature 497 470
[6]	Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 6054
[7]	Ni X, Emani N K, Kildishev A V, Boltasseva A, Shalaev V M 2012 Science 335 6067
[8]	Sun S, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Juan T K, Chen W T, Liao C Y, He Q, Xiao S, Kung W T, Guo G Y, Zhou L, Tsai D P 2012 Nano Lett. 12 6223
[9]	Ni X, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2807
[10]	Wen D D, Yue F Y, Li G X, Zheng G X, Chan K L, Chen S M, Chen M, Li K F, Wong P W H, Cheah K W, Yue Bun Pun E, Zhang S, Chen X Z 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8241
[11]	Pu M B, Li X, Ma X L, Wang Y Q, Zhao Z Y, Wang C T, Hu C G, Gao P, Huang C, Ren H R, Li X P, Qin F, Yang J, Gu M, Hong M H, Luo X G 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1500396
[12]	Guo Y H, Pu M B, Zhao Z Y, Wang Y Q, Jin J J, Gao P, Li X, Ma X L, Luo X G 2016 ACS Photon. 3 2022
[13]	Zhang X Q, Tian Z, Yue W S, Gu J Q, Zhang S, Han J G, Zhang W L 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 4567
[14]	Xu T, Wang C T, Du C L, Luo X G 2008 Opt. Express 16 4753
[15]	Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Yu N, Blanchard R, Gaburro Z, Capasso F 2012 Nano Lett. 12 1702
[16]	Bosiljevac M, Casaletti M, Caminita F, Sipus Z, Maci S 2012 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60 4065
[17]	Wan X, Jiang W X, Ma H F, Cui T J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 151601
[18]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Devlin R C, Oh J, Zhu A Y, Capasso F 2016 Science 352 6290
[19]	Chen X Z, Huang L L, Mhlenbernd H, Li G X, Bai B F, Tan Q F, Jin G F, Qiu C W, Zhang S, Zentgraf T 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1198
[20]	Farmahini-Farahani M, Mosallaei H 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 462
[21]	Roxworthy B J, Bhuiya A M, Yu X, Chow E K, Toussaint Jr K C 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4427
[22]	Pfeiffer C, Grbic A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 197401
[23]	Kats M A, Yu N, Genevet P, Gaburro Z, Capasso F 2011 Opt. Express 19 21748
[24]	Hardy W N, Whitehead L A 1981 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52 213
[25]	Genevet P, Capasso F, Aieta F, Khorasaninejad M, Devlin R 2017 Optica 4 139
[26]	Decker M, Staude I, Falkner M, Dominguez J, Neshev D N, Brener I, Pertsch T, Kivshar Y S 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 813
[27]	Aieta F，Kats M A, Genevet P, Capasso F 2015 Science 347 6228
[28]	Chen W, Zhu A, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Sanjeev V, Capasso F 2017 Nano Lett. 17 3188
[29]	Zheng G, Mhlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 308
[30]	Zhao W Y, Jiang H, Liu B Y, Song J, Jiang Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 181102
[31]	Liu C B, Bai Y, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Chen H S, Zhou J, Qiao L J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 34819
[32]	Mueller J P B, Rubin N A, Devlin R C, Groever B, Capasso F 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 113901
[33]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 937
[34]	Byrnes S J, Lenef A, Aieta F, Capasso F 2015 Opt. Express 24 5110
[35]	Yang Q, Gu J, Wang D, Zhang X, Tian Z, Ouyang C, Singh R, Han J, Zhang W 2014 Opt. Express 22 25931
[36]	Zhang S, Kim M H, Aieta F, Yu N, Capasso F 2016 Opt. Express 24 18024
[37]	Mohammadreza K, Francesco A, Pritpal K, Kats M A, Genevet P, Rousso D, Capasso F 2015 Nano Lett. 15 5358
[38]	Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M, Capasso F 2013 Opt. Express 21 31530
[39]	West P R, Stewart J L, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M, Shkunov V V, Strohkendl Y A, Dodds R K, Byren R 2014 Opt. Express 22 26212
[40]	Cheng J, Jafarzanjani S, Mosallaei H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 38440
[41]	Li X, Xiao S Y, Cai B G, He Q, Cui T J, Zhou L 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4940
[42]	Li T, Wang S S, Zhang X L, Deng Z L, Hang Z H, Sun H B, Wang G P 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 251107
[43]	Ma W, Jia D L, Yu X M, Feng Y, Zhao Y J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 071111
[44]	Pors A, Nielsen M G, Eriksen R L, Bozhevolnyi S I 2013 Nano Lett. 13 829
[45]	Mehmood M Q, Mei S, Hussain S, Huang K, Siew S, Zhang T, Ling X, Liu H, Teng J, Danner A, Zhang S, Qiu C W 2015 Adv. Mater. 28 2533
[46]	Zhao Z Y, Pu M B, Gao H, Jin J J, Li X, Ma X, Wang Y, Gao P, Luo X G 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 15781
[47]	Ni X, Ishii S, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M 2013 Light: Sci. Appl. 2 e72
[48]	Sun S L, He Q, Xiao S Y, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 426
[49]	Yang Y, Wang W, Moitra P, Kravchenko I I, Briggs D P, Valentine J 2014 Nano Lett. 14 1394
[50]	Ni X, Wong Z J, Mrejen M, Wang Y, Zhang X 2015 Science 349 6254
[51]	Wang J F, Qu S B, Ma H, Xu Z, Zhang A X, Zhou H, Chen H Y, Li Y F 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 201104
[52]	Liu Y M, Zhang X 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 141101
[53]	Estakhri N M, Al A 2016 Phys. Rev. X 6 041008
[54]	Zhao Y, Al A 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 205428
[55]	Pors A, Bozhevolnyi S I 2013 Opt. Express 21 27438
[56]	Li Z, Palacios E, Butun S, Aydin K 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1615
[57]	Ee H S, Agarwal R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 2818
[58]	Chen K, Feng Y, Monticone F, Zhao J, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X, Zhang S, Al A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 160 6422
[59]	Fan Q B, Wang D P, Huo P C, Zhang Z J, Liang Y Z, Xu T 2017 Opt. Express 25 9285
[60]	Sautter J, Staude I, Decker M, Rusak E, Neshev D N, Brener I, Kivshar Y S 2015 ACS Nano 9 4308
[61]	Zhan A, Colburn S, Trivedi R, Fryeet T K, Dodson C M, Majumdar A 2016 ACS Photon. 3 209
[62]	Devlin R C, Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Oh J, Capasso F 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 10473
[63]	Chen W T, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Huang Y W, Sun G, Chiang I D, Liao C Y, Hsu W L, Lin H T, Sun S, Zhou L, Liu A Q, Tsai D P 2014 Nano Lett. 14 225
[64]	Yu Y F, Zhu A Y, Fu Y H 2015 Laser Photon. Rev. 9 412
[65]	Luo X G 2015 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 58 594201
[66]	Kamali S M, Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Horie Y, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11618
[67]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Zhu A Y, Oh J, Devlin R C, Rousso D, Capasso F 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7229
[68]	Lin D, Fan P, Hasman E, Brongersma M L 2014 Science 345 6194
[69]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Ball A J, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7069
[70]	Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Kamali S M, Yu H, Faraon A 2016 Optica 3 628
[71]	Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Kamali S M, Horie Y, Han S, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13682
[72]	Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Zhu A, Chen W T, Sanjeev V, Capasso F 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1819
[73]	Fan Q B, Huo P C, Wang D P, Liang Y Z, Yan F, Xu T 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 45044
[74]	Bokor N, Davidson N 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 5906
[75]	Buralli D A, Morris G M 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3950

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