常压下预混甲烷和空气微波等离子体放电燃烧的实验研究

曹树利; 李寿哲; 牛裕龙; 李容毅; 朱海龙

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230676

摘要

开展了预混甲烷(CH₄)和空气的微波等离子体放电燃烧实验, 研究火焰余辉形态、光谱分布和温度特性随着微波功率、燃空当量比和轴向观测位置的变化规律. 实验发现预混CH₄/Air的稀薄燃烧极限当量比Φ = 0.4; 在微波等离子体放电时, 当Φ < 0.4, 以放电诱导的燃烧过程为主要特征, 而当Φ ≥ 0.4时, 等离子体放电燃烧的中心区会明显收缩并逐渐出现丝状放电, 这里低约化场强区的燃烧和高约化场强区的放电燃烧相互影响. 利用发射光谱仪测得预混CH₄/Air微波等离子体放电燃烧光谱的特征谱带, OH(A-X), NH(A-X)和CN(B-X), 沿着轴向空间位置的强度分布和随着当量比的变化, 发现了轴向上近余辉的等离子体放电燃烧区和远余辉的燃烧区, 并通过分析CN(B-X)振转谱带的强度分布, 计算得到振动与转动温度, 发现以Φ = 0.4为分界点形成两种不同的随当量比变化规律. 最后, 根据CH₄扩散燃烧火焰、CH₄/N₂混合气体等离子体放电以及CH₄/Air混合气体等离子体放电燃烧的发射光谱对比分析讨论了等离子体增强燃烧过程中的反应路径和机理.

关键词:

大气压 /
微波等离子体 /
放电 /
甲烷

Abstract

In this work, we carry out the experiments on an atmospheric-pressure premixed methane and air microwave plasma discharge combustion with premixed methane and air to study the morphology, the spatial distribution of species, and the temperature characteristics for various microwave power values and methane-to-air equivalent ratios (Φ) at a series of measurement positions. The experimental results show that the equivalent ratio of 0.4 corresponds to the limit value for lean-combustion of premixed methane and air. And for Φ < 0.4, the discharge flame is mainly characterized by the combustion induced by premixed methane and air microwave plasma discharge, while, for Φ ≥ 0.4, the discharge flame is constricted into filaments radially, and the natural combustion occurs in the region of low reduced electric strength and the combustion induced by plasma discharge in the region of high reduced electric strength, which affect each other. The variations of emission intensity of OH (A-X) band, NH (A-X) band and CN (B-X) band with the measuring position and the equivalent ratio Φ are measured by using optical emission spectrometry (OES). It is found that the discharge combustion occurs in near afterglow and the combustion in far afterglow. And the vibrational temperature and the rotational temperature of the plasma discharge combustion are determined by analyzing the emission bands of CN(B-X) and the variations of both vibrational and rotational temperatures with equivalent ratio, exhibiting very different varying tendencies for cases of Φ < 0.4 and Φ ≥ 0.4, respectively. Finally, the reaction pathway and mechanism are discussed on the basis of the comparative analyses of the emission spectra of CH₄ diffusion combustion flame, premixed methane and nitrogen microwave plasma discharge, and premixed methane and air microwave plasma discharge combustion.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
大连理工大学, 三束材料改性教育部重点实验室, 大连　116024

2.
大连理工大学物理学院, 大连　116024

3.
山西大学物理电子工程学院, 太原　030006

通信作者: 李寿哲, lisz@dlut.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11975003)和中央高校基本科研业务费资助(批准号: DUT22LAB105)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

2.
School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

3.
College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Corresponding author: Li Shou-Zhe, lisz@dlut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975003) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. DUT22LAB105).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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[2]	Starikovskaia S M 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 353001 Google Scholar
[3]	Denissenko P, Bulat M P, Esakov I I, Grachev L P, Volkov K N, Volobuev I A, Upyrev V, Bulat P V 2019 Combust. Flame 202 417 Google Scholar
[4]	Ju Y G, Sun W T 2015 Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 48 21 Google Scholar
[5]	Sun W T, Uddi M, Won S H, Ombrello T, Carter C, Ju Y G 2012 Combust. Flame 159 221 Google Scholar
[6]	Tang Y, Sun J G, Shi B L, Li S Q, Yao Q 2021 Combust. Flame 231 111483 Google Scholar
[7]	Kim W, Mungal M G, Cappelli M A 2010 Combust. Flame 157 374 Google Scholar
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[9]	Starikovskiy A, Aleksandrov N 2013 Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 39 61 Google Scholar
[10]	Mu H B, Yu L, Li P, Tang C L, Wang J H, Zhang G J 2015 Plasma Sci. Technol. 17 1019 Google Scholar
[11]	Ono R, Ogura K, Mogi T 2017 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 50 365201 Google Scholar
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[21]	Feng R, Li J, Wu Y, Jia M, Jin D 2020 Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 99 105752 Google Scholar
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[25]	Fuh C A, Wang C J 2020 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 48 2646 Google Scholar
[26]	Hemawan K W, Wichman I S, Lee T, Grotjohn T A, Asmussen J 2009 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80 053507 Google Scholar
[27]	Dedic C E, Michael J B 2021 Combust. Flame 227 322 Google Scholar
[28]	Wu W, Fuh C A, Wang C J 2015 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43 3986 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang Z, Huang J, Wang Q, Hou L Y, Zhang G X 2015 Combust. Flame 162 2561 Google Scholar
[30]	Stockman E S, Zaidi S H, Miles R B, Carter C D, Ryan M D 2009 Combust. Flame 156 1453 Google Scholar
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[32]	Michael J B, Chng T L, Miles R B 2013 Combust. Flame 160 796 Google Scholar
[33]	Li Y H, Chen C T, Fang H K 2019 Energy 188 116007 Google Scholar
[34]	Hwang J, Bae C, Park J, Choe W, Cha J, Woo S 2016 Combust. Flame 167 86 Google Scholar
[35]	Ward M A V 1980 J. Microwave Power 15 193 Google Scholar
[36]	Chen B S, Garner A L, Bane S P M 2019 Combust. Flame 207 250 Google Scholar
[37]	Zhang X H, Wang Z W, Wu H M, Zhou D, Huang S, Cheng X B, Chen J Y 2020 Combust. Flame 222 111 Google Scholar
[38]	Kammermann T, Kreutner W, Trottmann M, Merotto L, Soltic P, Bleiner D 2018 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 148 152 Google Scholar
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[42]	Zhu X R, Khateeb A A, Roberts W L, Guiberti T F 2021 Combust. Flame 231 111508 Google Scholar
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施引文献

图 1 实验装置示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

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图 2 预混甲烷和空气的微波放电燃烧形态(微波功率为1200 W)的(a) 侧视图和 (b) 俯视图, 以及(c)自然燃烧火焰形态(NC)俯视图

Fig. 2. (a) Side view and (b) top view of premixed methane and air microwave plasma discharge and combustion at microwave power of 1200 W and (c) top view of natural combustion flame.

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图 3 不同当量比下预混甲烷和空气自然燃烧 (NC) 和在微波等离子体放电 (微波功率为1200 W) 增强燃烧的红外光谱图

Fig. 3. Infrared spectra of natural combustion of premixed CH₄ and air and microwave plasma discharge enhanced combustion (microwave power of 1200 W) at a series of equivalence ratios.

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图 4 在总气流量为18 SLM、微波功率为1200 W时, 当量比分别为 (a) Φ = 0.3和 (b) Φ = 0.6下的沿x轴空间分辨发射光谱图

Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of emission spectra at a series of positions along x axis at the equivalence ratio of (a) 0.3 and (b) 0.6, respectively, with the fixed total gas flow rate of 18 SLM and microwave power of 1200 W.

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图 5 在总气流量为18 SLM、微波功率为1200 W时, CN, NH和OH自由基发射强度随轴向距离的变化曲线

Fig. 5. Plot of emission intensities of CN, NH and OH bands versus the axial distance at a total gas flow rate of 18 SLM and microwave power of 1200 W.

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图 6 在总气流量为18 SLM、微波功率为1400 W时, 不同当量比下预混甲烷和空气微波等离子体放电燃烧的发射光谱

Fig. 6. Emission spectra of premixed CH₄ and air microwave plasma discharge and combustion at a series of equivalence ratios, a total gas flow rate of 18 SLM and microwave power of 1400 W.

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图 7 在微波功率为1400 W时, (a) OH(A-X)、NH(A-X)和CN(B-X)谱带的发射强度以及 (b) CN/NH和NH/OH自由基对的发射强度比值随当量比的变化

Fig. 7. Variations of emission intensity of (a) OH(A-X), NH(A-X) and CN(B-X) bands and (b) intensity ratio of radical pairs of CN/NH and NH/OH versus the equivalence ratios at the microwave power of 1400 W.

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图 8 (a) 计算CN谱带的转动温度所选用的P支谱线; (b) 对CN谱带中所选转动谱线强度分布的玻尔兹曼拟合

Fig. 8. (a) Measured spectrum of P-branch of CN band and candidate spectral lines for calculation of rotational temperature; (b) Boltzmann fitting of intensity of selected lines in CN band.

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图 9 在总气流量为18 SLM条件下, (a)微波功率分别为1200 W, 1400 W和1600 W时, 由CN谱带确定的转动温度随当量比的变化曲线; (b)当量比分别为0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7以及0.8时, 转动温度随微波功率的变化曲线

Fig. 9. Plot of the rotational temperature determined from CN bands versus (a) the equivalent ratio at a series of microwave power and (b) microwave power at various equivalent ratios, respectively, at a fixed total gas flow rate of 18 SLM.

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图 10 (a) 计算CN振动温度所选用的带组带头; (b) 对CN谱带中所选带组的带头强度分布的玻尔兹曼拟合

Fig. 10. (a) Measured spectrum of CN bands and candidate bandheads for calculation of vibrational temperature; (b) Boltzmann fitting of intensity of selected bandheads in CN band.

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图 11 在总气流量为18 SLM条件下, (a)微波功率分别为1200 W, 1400 W和1600 W时, 由CN谱带确定的振动温度随当量比的变化曲线; (b)当量比分别为0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7以及0.8时, 振动温度随微波功率的变化曲线

Fig. 11. Plot of the vibrational temperature determined from CN bands versus (a) the equivalent ratio at a series of microwave power and (b) microwave power at various equivalent ratios, respectively, at a fixed total gas flow rate of 18 SLM.

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图 12 (a) CH₄在空气中扩散燃烧时的发射光谱图; (b) CH₄/N₂按照0.3∶17.8比例预混微波等离子体放电发射光谱图(微波功率1200 W); (c) CH₄/Air按照0.7∶17.3比例预混时微波等离子体放电燃烧的发射光谱图(微波功率1200 W)

Fig. 12. Emission spectra of (a) CH₄ diffusion combustion in the ambient air without microwave plasma discharge; (b) microwave plasma discharge in CH₄/N₂ with mixing ratio of 0.3∶17.8 (microwave power of 1200 W); (c) microwave plasma discharge and combustion in CH₄/Air with mixing ratio of 0.7∶17.3, respectively (microwave power of 1200 W).

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map

[1]	Chu S, Majumdar A 2012 Nature 488 294 Google Scholar
[2]	Starikovskaia S M 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 353001 Google Scholar
[3]	Denissenko P, Bulat M P, Esakov I I, Grachev L P, Volkov K N, Volobuev I A, Upyrev V, Bulat P V 2019 Combust. Flame 202 417 Google Scholar
[4]	Ju Y G, Sun W T 2015 Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 48 21 Google Scholar
[5]	Sun W T, Uddi M, Won S H, Ombrello T, Carter C, Ju Y G 2012 Combust. Flame 159 221 Google Scholar
[6]	Tang Y, Sun J G, Shi B L, Li S Q, Yao Q 2021 Combust. Flame 231 111483 Google Scholar
[7]	Kim W, Mungal M G, Cappelli M A 2010 Combust. Flame 157 374 Google Scholar
[8]	Sun W T, Uddi M, Ombrello T, Won S H, Carter C, Ju Y G 2011 Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 3211 Google Scholar
[9]	Starikovskiy A, Aleksandrov N 2013 Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 39 61 Google Scholar
[10]	Mu H B, Yu L, Li P, Tang C L, Wang J H, Zhang G J 2015 Plasma Sci. Technol. 17 1019 Google Scholar
[11]	Ono R, Ogura K, Mogi T 2017 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 50 365201 Google Scholar
[12]	Redondo A B, Troussard E, van Bokhoven J A 2012 Fuel Process. Technol. 104 265 Google Scholar
[13]	Cruccolini V, Discepoli G, Cimarello A, Battistoni M, Mariani F, Grimaldi C N, Dal Re M 2020 Fuel 259 116290 Google Scholar
[14]	Chintala N, Bao A, Lou G F, Adamovich I V 2006 Combust. Flame 144 744 Google Scholar
[15]	Wolk B, DeFilippo A, Chen J Y, Dibble R, Nishiyama A, Ikeda Y 2013 Combust. Flame 160 1225 Google Scholar
[16]	Ehn A, Petersson P, Zhu J J, Li Z S, Aldén M, Nilsson E J K, Larfeldt J, Larsson A, Hurtig T, Zettervall N, Fureby C 2017 Proc. Combust. Inst. 36 4121 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang X L, Niu Y L, Li S Z, Cao S L, Ji C J 2021 Phys. Plasmas 28 123511 Google Scholar
[18]	Li S Z, Niu Y L, Cao S L, Zhang J, Zhang J L, Li X C 2022 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 55 235203 Google Scholar
[19]	Mao X Q, Chen Q, Guo C H 2019 Energy Convers. Manage. 200 112018 Google Scholar
[20]	Kang H, Choi S, Jung C M, Kim K T, Song Y H, Lee D H 2020 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45 30009 Google Scholar
[21]	Feng R, Li J, Wu Y, Jia M, Jin D 2020 Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 99 105752 Google Scholar
[22]	Hong Y C, Uhm H S 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 113501 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang C J, Wu W 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 464008 Google Scholar
[24]	Wu W, Fuh C A, Wang C J 2015 Combust. Sci. Technol. 187 999 Google Scholar
[25]	Fuh C A, Wang C J 2020 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 48 2646 Google Scholar
[26]	Hemawan K W, Wichman I S, Lee T, Grotjohn T A, Asmussen J 2009 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80 053507 Google Scholar
[27]	Dedic C E, Michael J B 2021 Combust. Flame 227 322 Google Scholar
[28]	Wu W, Fuh C A, Wang C J 2015 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43 3986 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang Z, Huang J, Wang Q, Hou L Y, Zhang G X 2015 Combust. Flame 162 2561 Google Scholar
[30]	Stockman E S, Zaidi S H, Miles R B, Carter C D, Ryan M D 2009 Combust. Flame 156 1453 Google Scholar
[31]	Hammack S, Lee T, Carter C 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 3139 Google Scholar
[32]	Michael J B, Chng T L, Miles R B 2013 Combust. Flame 160 796 Google Scholar
[33]	Li Y H, Chen C T, Fang H K 2019 Energy 188 116007 Google Scholar
[34]	Hwang J, Bae C, Park J, Choe W, Cha J, Woo S 2016 Combust. Flame 167 86 Google Scholar
[35]	Ward M A V 1980 J. Microwave Power 15 193 Google Scholar
[36]	Chen B S, Garner A L, Bane S P M 2019 Combust. Flame 207 250 Google Scholar
[37]	Zhang X H, Wang Z W, Wu H M, Zhou D, Huang S, Cheng X B, Chen J Y 2020 Combust. Flame 222 111 Google Scholar
[38]	Kammermann T, Kreutner W, Trottmann M, Merotto L, Soltic P, Bleiner D 2018 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 148 152 Google Scholar
[39]	Kojima J, Ikeda Y, Nakajima T 2005 Combust. Flame 140 34 Google Scholar
[40]	Fuh C A, Clark S M, Wu W, Wang C J 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 120 163303 Google Scholar
[41]	陈泽煜, 彭玉彬, 王瑞, 贺永宁, 崔万照 2022 71 240702 Google Scholar Chen Z Y, Peng Y B, Wang R, He Y N, Cui W Z 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 240702 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhu X R, Khateeb A A, Roberts W L, Guiberti T F 2021 Combust. Flame 231 111508 Google Scholar
[43]	Dilecce G, Ambrico P F, Scarduelli G, Tosi P, De Benedictis S 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 015010 Google Scholar
[44]	Hu W, Tang J Y, Wu J D, Sun J, Shen Y Q, Xu X F, Xu N 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 073502 Google Scholar

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常压下预混甲烷和空气微波等离子体放电燃烧的实验研究