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Energy loss of ions near the Bohr velocity in plasma is one of the important topics in intense heavy ion beam driven high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion. Based on the ions-plasma interaction experimental platform at HIRFL, this work shows the new experimental energy loss results of 1.07 MeV (~66.9 keV/u) O5+ ions penetrating through a low-density partially ionized hydrogen plasma target (radio frequency plasma). The decrease of energy loss with free electron density increasing is found, which is very different from our previous result. The new experimental results are discussed by considering the theoretical models which involves the charge screening of projectiles in the partially ionized plasma and the target polarization effect-Barkas correction term. For the charge screening , the comparison between the momentum transfer under the Coulomb potential and that under the Debye potential is given, but due to the low ionization degree, the plasma screening effect seems not to be the main reason for the decrease of energy loss. For the target polarization effect , in the Bohr velocity regime, the Barkas correction term can play a key role in the ion-atom collisions. Modeling the Barkas correction term based on the proposed classical energy loss formula, the experimental data of ions in the gas target can be well fitted by the calculated values. In the partially ionized plasma, the frequent thermal electron collisions can give rise to the atomic excitation of plasma target, correspondingly the Barkas correction term changes: it decreases with the fraction of excited atoms increasing. As a result, the energy loss decreases in our experiment. In the stopping of highly charged ions in a partially ionized low-density plasma, the collisions between ions and free electrons can produce an enhanced energy loss according to previous studies. However, the target polarization effect, especially the atomic excitations, can significantly reduce the energy loss, which is observed in our experiment. Therefore, the interaction between ions and partially ionized plasma should be further studied, and the Barkas correction can be a very important term.
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Keywords:
- highly charged ions /
- Bohr velocity /
- low density hydrogen plasma /
- energy loss /
- Polarization effect
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图 1 中科院近物所的离子束与等离子体相互作用实验装置示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the ion-plasma interaction setups at IMPCAS.
图 2 射频等离子体的(a)电子密度和(b)电子温度随馈入功率的变化
Fig. 2. The change of (a) electron density and (b) electron temperature with input power in RF plasma.
图 3 80 Pa气压下, 实验测量到出射O1+离子位置随着馈入功率的增加而变化, 原始实验结果(a)经过转化后得到出射O1+离子能谱(b)
Fig. 3. At 80 Pa pressure, the position of the outgoing O1+ ion was measured to change with the increase of the input power, the original experimental results (a) were converted to obtain the outgoing O1+ ion energy spectrum (b).
图 4 不同气压条件下, 离子能损随馈入功率的相对变化, 其中以离子在中性气体靶(馈入功率0 W)中的能损为归一化条件
Fig. 4. Under different pressure, the relative change of ion energy loss with the input power, in which the ion energy loss in the neutral gas target (input power=0 W) is the normalization condition.
图 5 碰撞参数
$ b=2{r}_{0} $ 时${{\Delta P}_{{\rm{D}}{\rm{e}}{\rm{b}}{\rm{y}}{\rm{e}}}}/{{\Delta P}_{{\rm{C}}{\rm{o}}{\rm{u}}{\rm{l}}{\rm{o}}{\rm{m}}{\rm{b}}}}$ 随着Debye长度的变化趋势Fig. 5.
${{\Delta P}_{{\rm{D}}{\rm{e}}{\rm{b}}{\rm{y}}{\rm{e}}}}/{{\Delta P}_{{\rm{C}}{\rm{o}}{\rm{u}}{\rm{l}}{\rm{o}}{\rm{m}}{\rm{b}}}}$ as a function of Debye length at the collision parameter$ b=2{r}_{0} $ .
图 6 中性气体靶中, 未考虑Barkas修正(红虚线)和考虑Barkas修正后(黑虚线)的离子能损计算结果与实验结果的比较
Fig. 6. In a neutral gas target, the calculation results of ion energy loss without Barkas correction (red dashed line) and with Barkas correction (black dashed line) are compared with the experimental results.
图 7 不同功率下, (a)
$ {H}_{\alpha } $ 相对光强随馈入功率的变化; (b)对应的n = 3激发态原子相对数密度随馈入功率的升高而增大Fig. 7. Under different power, (a) change of
$ {H}_{\alpha } $ relative light intensity with input power; (b) relative number density of excited atom n = 3 increases with the increase of input power
图 8 相对能损的实验测量值与计算值对比
Fig. 8. Comparison of experimental measured and calculated values of relative energy loss.
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[1] Bohr N 1913 The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 25 10
Google Scholar
[2] Deutsch C, Maynard G, Chabot M, Gardes D, della-negra S, Bimbot R, Rivet M-F, Fleurier C, Couillaud C, Hoffmann D, Wahl H, Weyrich K, Rosmej O N, Tahir N, Jacoby J, Ogawa M, Oguri Y, Hasegawa J, Sharkov B, Mintsev V 2010 Plasma Phys. J. 3 88
[3] Zhao Y T, Hu Z H, Cheng R, Wang Y Y, Peng H B, Golubev A, Zhang X A, Lu X, Zhang D C, Zhou X M, Wang X, Xu G, Ren J R, Li Y F, Lei Y, Sun Y B, Zhao J T, Wang T S, Wang Y N, Xiao G Q 2012 Laser Part. Beams 30 679
Google Scholar
[4] Khuyagbaatar J, Shevelko V P, Borschevsky A, Düllmann C E, Tolstikhina I Y, Yakushev A 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 042703
Google Scholar
[5] Betz H-D 1972 Rev. Mod. Phys. 44 465
Google Scholar
[6] Peter T, Arnold R, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 1859
Google Scholar
[7] Cheng R, Zhou X, Wang Y, Lei Y, Chen Y, Ma X, Xiao G, Zhao Y, Ren J, Huo D, Peng H, Savin S, Gavrilin R, Roudskoy I, Golubev A 2018 Laser Part. Beams 36 98
Google Scholar
[8] Young F C, Mosher D, Stephanakis S J, Goldstein S A, Mehlhorn T A 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 549
Google Scholar
[9] Redmer R 1997 Phys. Rep. 282 35
Google Scholar
[10] Peter T, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1991 Phys. Rev. A 43 1998
Google Scholar
[11] Thorsen J 1987 Niels Bohr Collected Works (Copenhagen: Elsevier Press) pp403-408
[12] Barkas W H, Dyer J N, Heckman H H 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 11 26
Google Scholar
[13] Sigmund P, Schinner A 2014 Eur. Phys. J. D 68 318
Google Scholar
[14] Adamo A, Agnello M, Balestra F, Belli G, Bendiscioli G, Bertin A, Boccaccio P, Bonazzola G C, Bressani T, Bruschi M, Bussa M P, Busso L, Calvo D, Capponi M, Cicalò C, Corradini M, Costa S, D’Antone I, De Castro S, D’Isep F, Donzella A, Falomkin I V, Fava L, Feliciello A, Ferrero L, Filippini V, Galli D, Garfagnini R, Gastaldi U, Gianotti P, Grasso A, Guaraldo C, Iazzi F, Lanaro A, Lodi Rizzini E, Lombardi M, Lucherini V, Maggiora A, Marcello S, Marconi U, Maron G, Masoni A, Massa I, Minetti B, Morando M, Montagna P, Nichitiu F, Panzieri D, Pauli G, Piccinini M, Piragino G, Poli M, Pontecorvo G B, Puddu G, Ricci R A, Rossetto E, Rotondi A, Rozhdestvensky A M, Salvini P, Santi L, Sapozhnikov M G, Semprini Cesari N, Serci S, Temnikov P, Tessaro S, Tosello F, Tretyak V I, Usai G L, Vannucci L, Vedovato G, Venturelli L, Villa M, Vitale A, Zavattini G, Zenoni A, Zoccoli A, Zosi G 1993 Phys. Rev. A 47 4517
Google Scholar
[15] Schiwietz G, Wille U, Muiño R D, Fainstein P D, Grande P L 1996 J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29 307
Google Scholar
[16] Porter L E 2004 Advances in Quantum Chemistry (Pullman: Academic Press) pp91–119
[17] Pandey M K, Lin Y C, Ho Y K 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 062104
Google Scholar
[18] Bimbot R, Geissel H, Paul H, Schinner A, Sigmund P, Wambersie A, Deluca P, Seltzer S M 2005 J. ICRU 5 44
Google Scholar
[19] Lindhard J 1976 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 132 1
Google Scholar
[20] Makarov D N, Matveev V I 2015 J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 120 772
Google Scholar
[21] Griffin D C 1989 Phys. Scr. T28 17
Google Scholar
[22] Purkait M, Dhara A, Sounda S, Mandal C R 2001 J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34 755
Google Scholar
[23] Wang Z, Guo B, Cheng R, Xue F B, Chen Y H, Lei Y, Wang Y Y, Zhou Z X, Yang J, Su M G, Dong C Z 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 022802
Google Scholar
[24] Zhao Y T, Zhang Y N, Cheng R, He B, Liu C L, Zhou X M, Lei Y, Wang Y Y, Ren J R, Wang X, Chen Y H, Xiao G Q, Savin S M, Gavrilin R, Golubev A A, Hoffmann D H H 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 115001
Google Scholar
[25] Schiwietz G, Grande P L 2001 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 175–177 125
Google Scholar
[26] Matveev V I, Makarov D N 2011 JETP Lett. 94 1
Google Scholar
[27] Chabert P, Braithwaite N 2011 Physics of Radio-Frequency Plasmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp17–48
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