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基于PPKTP晶体的阈值以下光学参量振荡（OPO）过程，制备了共振于铷原子D1线795 nm的压缩真空态光场，研究了分析频率处于千赫兹范围的主要噪声来源，特别是795 nm激光及其二次谐波397.5 nm激光在晶体内吸收引起的非线性损耗增加和系统热不稳定的问题（397.5 nm激光处于PPKTP晶体透光范围边缘，具有高于其他波长数倍的吸收系数）.以795 nm和1064 nm为例，分析了非线性损耗及晶体内热效应对压缩度的影响.受限于以上因素，795 nm压缩光很难得到1064 nm波段同样的压缩度.探测系统中的噪声耦合则限制了压缩频带.实验上对分析频率为千赫兹的经典噪声进行了有效控制，通过使用真空注入的OPO、垂直偏振及反向传输的腔长锁定光、低噪声的平衡零拍探测器、高稳定度的实验系统及量子噪声锁定等方法，最终在2.6100 kHz的分析频段得到了约2.8 dB的795 nm压缩真空.该压缩光可用作磁场测量系统的探测光以提高测量灵敏度.Squeezed states are important sources in quantum physics, which have potential applications in fields such as quantum teleportation, quantum information networks, quantum memory, and quantum metrology and precise measurements. For our interest, the squeezed vacuum will be used in the quantum-enhanced optical atomic magnetometers, filling the vacuum port of the probe beam to improve measurement sensitivity. Based on the sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with PPKTP crystal, the squeezed vacuum at rubidium D1 line of 795 nm is obtained. In our work, we investigate the noise sources in an OPO system. By carefully controlling the classical noise source, the squeezing band extends to the analysis frequency of 2.6 kHz. The flat squeezing trace is 2.8 dB below the shot noise limit. In our work, we focus on the difference between the squeezing results at the analysis frequency of kilohertz regime at two different wavelengths, 1064 nm and 795 nm. The difference mainly comes from the absorption of 795 nm laser and its second harmonic at 397.5 nm in crystal (397.5 nm laser is at the edge of transparent window of PPKTP crystal that has an absorption index much higher than at other wavelength). The absorption induced nonlinear loss and thermal instability greatly affect the squeezing results, which is discussed in our work. Squeezing level at 795 nm is worse than at 1064 nm due to the above-mentioned factors. Noise coupling to the detection system limits the squeezing band. In the audio frequency band, squeezing is easily submerged in roll-up noises and the measured squeezing level is limited. Two factors limit the obtained squeezing:the technical noise induced in the detection and the squeezing degradation by the noise coupling of the control beams. In experiment, we carefully control the classical noise at analytical frequency of kilohertz by means of a vacuum-injected OPO, a counter-propagating cavity locking beam with orthogonal polarization, low noise homodyne detector, stable experimental system and quantum noise locking method for squeezing phase locking. Firstly, to preclude the classical noise from coupling the laser source, we use the vacuum injected OPO. A signal beam helps optimize the parametric gain and is blocked in the squeezing measurement process. In order to maintain the OPO, a counter-propagating beam with orthogonal polarization is used for locking the cavity. Then, a low noise balanced homodyne detector with a common-mode rejection ratio of 45 dB helps improve the audio frequency detection. Finally, the quantum noise locking provides a method to lock the relative phase between the coherent beam and the squeezed vacuum field. With the combination of these technical improvements, a squeezed vacuum of 2.8 dB is obtained at the analysis frequency of 2.6-100 kHz. The obtained squeezing level is mainly limited by the relatively large loss in OPO, which is induced by ultra-violet absorption in PPKTP crystal. The generated squeezed field is used to reduce the polarization noise of probe beam in an optical magnetometer, in order to increase detection sensitivity.
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Keywords:
- low-frequency squeezing /
- vacuum squeezing /
- optical parametric oscillator /
- PPKTP crystal
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[7] Schnabel R, Mavalvala N, McClelland D E, Lam P K 2010 Nature Commun. 1 121
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[9] Budker D, Romalis M 2007 Nature Photon. 3 227
[10] Bowen W P, Schnabel R, Treps N, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2002 J. Opt. B 4 421
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[12] McKenzie K, Grosse N, Bowen W P, Whitcomb S E, Gray M B, McClelland D E, Lam P K 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 161105
[13] Yan Z H, Sun H X, Cai C X, Ma L, Liu K, Gao J R 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 114205 (in Chinese)[闫子华, 孙恒信, 蔡春晓, 马龙, 刘奎, 郜江瑞 2017 66 114205]
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[17] Wen X, Han Y S, He J, Wang Y H, Yang B D, Wang J M 2016 Acta Opt. Sin. 36 0414001 (in Chinese)[温馨, 韩亚帅, 何军, 王彦华, 杨保东, 王军民 2016 光学学报 36 0414001]
[18] Boulanger B, Rousseau I, Fve J P, Maglione M, Mnaert B, Marnier G 1999 IEEE J. Quant. Electr. 35 281
[19] Wolfgramm F, Cer A, Beduini F A, Predojević A, Koschorreck M, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053601
[20] Stefszky M S, Mow-Lowry C M, Chua S S Y, Shaddock D A, Buchler B C, Vahlbruch H, Khalaidovski A, Schnabel R, Lam P K, McClelland D E 2012 Class. Quantum Grav. 29 145015
[21] Xue J, Qin J L, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang P F, Zhang T C, Peng K C 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 044211 (in Chinese)[薛佳, 秦际良, 张玉驰, 李刚, 张鹏飞, 张天才, 彭堃墀 2016 65 044211]
[22] McKenzie K, Mikhailov E E, Goda K, Lam P K, Grosse N, Gray M B, Mavalvala N, McClelland D E 2007 J. Opt. B 7 S421
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[1] Ourjoumtsev A, Tualle-Brouri R, Laurat J, Grangier P 2006 Science 312 83
[2] Honda K, Akamatsu D, Arikawa M, Yokoi Y, Akiba K, Nagatsuka S, Tanimura T, Furusawa A, Kozuma M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 093601
[3] Treps N, Grosse N, Bowen W P, Fabre C, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2003 Science 301 940
[4] Eberle T, Steinlechner S, Bauchrowitz J, Hndchen V, Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Mller-Ebhardt H, Schnabel R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 251102
[5] Caves C M 1981 Phys. Rev. D 23 1693
[6] Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110801
[7] Schnabel R, Mavalvala N, McClelland D E, Lam P K 2010 Nature Commun. 1 121
[8] Vahlbruch H, Chelkowski S, Hage B, Franzen A, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 011101
[9] Budker D, Romalis M 2007 Nature Photon. 3 227
[10] Bowen W P, Schnabel R, Treps N, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2002 J. Opt. B 4 421
[11] Schnabel R, Vahlbruch H, Franzen A, Chelkowski S, Grosse N, Bachor H A, Bowen W P, Lam P K, Danzmann K 2004 Opt. Commun. 240 185
[12] McKenzie K, Grosse N, Bowen W P, Whitcomb S E, Gray M B, McClelland D E, Lam P K 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 161105
[13] Yan Z H, Sun H X, Cai C X, Ma L, Liu K, Gao J R 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 114205 (in Chinese)[闫子华, 孙恒信, 蔡春晓, 马龙, 刘奎, 郜江瑞 2017 66 114205]
[14] Vahlbruch H, Chelkowski S, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2007 New J. Phys. 9 371
[15] Han Y S, Wen X, He J, Yang B D, Wang Y H, Wang J M 2016 Opt. Express 24 2350
[16] Samanta G K, Kumar S C, Mathew M, Canalias C, Pasiskevicius V, Laurell F, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 2955
[17] Wen X, Han Y S, He J, Wang Y H, Yang B D, Wang J M 2016 Acta Opt. Sin. 36 0414001 (in Chinese)[温馨, 韩亚帅, 何军, 王彦华, 杨保东, 王军民 2016 光学学报 36 0414001]
[18] Boulanger B, Rousseau I, Fve J P, Maglione M, Mnaert B, Marnier G 1999 IEEE J. Quant. Electr. 35 281
[19] Wolfgramm F, Cer A, Beduini F A, Predojević A, Koschorreck M, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053601
[20] Stefszky M S, Mow-Lowry C M, Chua S S Y, Shaddock D A, Buchler B C, Vahlbruch H, Khalaidovski A, Schnabel R, Lam P K, McClelland D E 2012 Class. Quantum Grav. 29 145015
[21] Xue J, Qin J L, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang P F, Zhang T C, Peng K C 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 044211 (in Chinese)[薛佳, 秦际良, 张玉驰, 李刚, 张鹏飞, 张天才, 彭堃墀 2016 65 044211]
[22] McKenzie K, Mikhailov E E, Goda K, Lam P K, Grosse N, Gray M B, Mavalvala N, McClelland D E 2007 J. Opt. B 7 S421
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