交联聚丙烯压电驻极体的压电性能及振动能量采集研究

武丽明; 张晓青

doi:10.7498/aps.64.177701

摘要

以电子束辐照交联聚丙烯(IXPP)泡沫薄板为原材料, 首先利用热压工艺对微观结构进行改性, 然后采用电晕充电方法对样品实施极化处理, 使之具有压电效应, 成为压电驻极体. 通过准静态和动态压电系数d33、复电容谱, 以及等温衰减的测量, 研究了IXPP压电驻极体膜的机电耦合性能; 同时考察了基于IXPP压电驻极体膜的振动能量采集器在{3-3}模式下对环境振动能的俘获. 结果表明, IXPP压电驻极体的准静态压电系数d33可高达620 pC/N; 厚度方向的杨氏模量和品质因数(FOM, d33·g33)分别是0.7 MPa和11.2 GPa-1; 在50, 70和90℃下进行等温老化, 经过24 h后, IXPP压电驻极体膜的准静态压电系数d33分别降低到初始值的54%, 43%和29%; 采用面积为3.14 cm2的IXPP压电驻极体膜为换能元件, 当振子质量为25.6 g, 振动频率为820 Hz时, 振动能量采集器在匹配负载附近可以输出高达65 μW/g2的功率.

关键词:

Abstract

Piezoelectrets, also known as ferroelectrets, are space-charge electrets based polymer foams with strong piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect in piezoelectrets originates from the regularly arranged dipolar space charges in the polymer matrix, achieved by properly charging the specific foam structure. The large figure of merit (FOM, d33·g33) in piezoelectrets implies that such kinds of materials are promising candidates in energy harvesters. In this article, the electron-irradiated cross-linked polypropylene (IXPP) foam sheets are rendered piezoelectric (i.e. to become piezoelectrets) by modification of the microstructure using hot-pressing process and polarization using corona charging at room temperature. The electromechanical properties of the fabricated IXPP piezoelectrets are investigated by measurements of quasi- and dynamic piezoelectric d33 coefficients, dielectric resonance spectrum, and isothermal decay at elevated temperatures. The energy harvesting from vibrations by using the IXPP piezoelectret films, at various vibration frequencies, load resistances, and seismic masses, are also studied. Results indicate that the quasi-static piezoelectric d33 coefficients of IXPP films up to 620 pC/N can be achieved. The variation of quasi-static piezoelectric d33 coefficient is dependent on the applied pressures, from 0.1 to 1.3 kPa, while it shows good linearity at larger pressures from 1.3 to 15 kPa. The typical values of Young's modulus in the thickness direction and the figure of merit (FOM) are 0.7 MPa and 11.2 GPa-1, respectively. The d33 coefficients will drop to 54%, 43%, 29% of the initial values after annealing the samples for 24 h at 50, 70, 90℃, respectively. At an exciting frequency of 820 Hz, the normalized output power of 65 μW/g2 is obtained from an IXPP film with an area of 3.14 cm2 and a seismic mass of 25.6 g around the optimum load resistance. Such thin, light and flexible IXPP piezoelectret films may be applied in vibration energy harvesters for powering low-power electronic devices.

Keywords:

cross-linked polypropylene piezoelectrets /
piezoelectricity /
energy harvesting

作者及机构信息

1.
上海市特殊人工微结构材料及技术重点实验室&同济大学物理科学与工程学院, 上海 200092

通信作者: 张晓青, x.zhang@tongji.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51173137和11374232)和中央高校基本科研(批准号: 同济大学2014)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology & School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Xiao-Qing, x.zhang@tongji.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51173137, 11374232), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. Tongji University 2014).

参考文献

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[4]	Guan M J, Liao W H 2007 Smart Mater. Struct. 16 498
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[15]	Pondrom P, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M, Bös J, Melz T 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 172901
[16]	Anton S R, Farinholt K M, Erturk A 2014 J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 25 1681
[17]	Zhang X, Huang J, Chen J, Wan Z, Wang S, Xia Z 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 182901
[18]	Zhang X, Pan D, Wang X, Cao G, Sun Z, Xia Z 2011 J. Electrostact 69 554
[19]	Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2000 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 7 537
[20]	Kressmann R 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 3489
[21]	Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 11 72
[22]	Zhang X, Wu L M, Sessler G M, "Energy harvesting from vibration with cross-linked polypropylene piezoelectrets" to be published
[23]	Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 054114
[24]	Neugschwandtner G S, Schwödiauer R, Vieytes M, Bauer-Gogonea S, Bauer S, Hillenbrand J, Kressmann R, Sessler G M, Paajanen M, Lekkala J 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 3827
[25]	Mellinger A 2003 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 10 842
[26]	DuToit N E, Wardle B L, Kim S 2005 Intergr. Ferroelectr. 71 121

施引文献

[1]	Erturk A, Inman D J 2011 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp19-48
[2]	Mitcheson P D, Rao G K, Green T C 2008 Proc. IEEE 96 1457
[3]	Cook-Chennault K A, Thambi N, Sastry A M 2008 Smart Mater. Struct. 17 043001
[4]	Guan M J, Liao W H 2007 Smart Mater. Struct. 16 498
[5]	Okamoto H, Suzuki T, Mori K, Cao Z, Onuki T, Kuwano H 2007 Int'l. J. Energy Res. 33 1180
[6]	Fan K Q, Xu C H, Wang W D, Fang Y 2014 Chinese Phys. B 23 084501
[7]	Wu S H, Du L D, Kong D Y, Ping H Y, Fang Z, Zhao Z 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 044302
[8]	Bauer S, Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Sessler G M 2004 Phys. Today 57 37
[9]	Zhang X Q, Zhang X W, You Q, Sessler G M 2014 Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299 290
[10]	Cao G X, Zhang X, Sun Z L, Wang X W, Lou K X, Xia Z F 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 6514 (in Chinese) [曹功勋, 张晓青, 孙转兰, 王学文, 娄可行, 夏钟福 2010 59 6514]
[11]	Sessler G M, Hillbenrand J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 122904
[12]	Zhang T L, Huang X, Zheng K, Zhang X W, Wang Y J, Wu L M, Zhang X Q, Zheng J, Zhu B 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 157703 (in Chinese) [张添乐, 黄曦, 郑凯, 张欣梧, 王宇杰, 武丽明, 张晓青, 郑洁, 朱彪 2014 63 157703]
[13]	Xu R, Kim S G 2012 PowerMEMS 2012 Atlanta, GA, USA, December 2-5, 2012, pp.464-467
[14]	Anton S R, Farinholt K M 2012 Proc. of SPIE 8341 83410G
[15]	Pondrom P, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M, Bös J, Melz T 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 172901
[16]	Anton S R, Farinholt K M, Erturk A 2014 J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 25 1681
[17]	Zhang X, Huang J, Chen J, Wan Z, Wang S, Xia Z 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 182901
[18]	Zhang X, Pan D, Wang X, Cao G, Sun Z, Xia Z 2011 J. Electrostact 69 554
[19]	Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2000 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 7 537
[20]	Kressmann R 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 3489
[21]	Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 11 72
[22]	Zhang X, Wu L M, Sessler G M, "Energy harvesting from vibration with cross-linked polypropylene piezoelectrets" to be published
[23]	Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 054114
[24]	Neugschwandtner G S, Schwödiauer R, Vieytes M, Bauer-Gogonea S, Bauer S, Hillenbrand J, Kressmann R, Sessler G M, Paajanen M, Lekkala J 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 3827
[25]	Mellinger A 2003 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 10 842
[26]	DuToit N E, Wardle B L, Kim S 2005 Intergr. Ferroelectr. 71 121

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