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大气水分循环过程耦合了降水、蒸发、水汽输送等多个环节. 本文利用ERA-Interim与MERRA再分析资料, 研究了中国1979–2012年夏季大气水分循环的时空变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应, 并对两套再分析资料在中国地区的适用性进行了评估. 结果表明: 1)中国夏季降水、蒸发、可降水量均自东南沿海地区向西北内陆递减; 降水与蒸发相互联系、相互制约, 由于不同地区下垫面物理条件的差异, 它们之间同时存在正、负反馈的影响机制, 可降水量主要集中在地面至700 hPa高度, 约占总量的75%; 2)近34 年大气水分循环显著变化的区域主要集中在西部和东北地区, 西部内陆地区可降水量显著增加, 北方大部分地区纬向水汽输送通量显著减小, 西北北部地区经向水汽输送通量显著增大, 蒸发量与水汽输送的气候变化可能是造成可降水量增加的主要原因; 3) Interim与MERRA资料对降水量时空变化特征的再现能力要优于蒸发量, 此外, 它们对降水与蒸发气候变化趋势的模拟结果差别较大, 使用时应该慎重; 两套资料对可降水量与水汽输送通量的时空变化特征以及气候变化趋势的模拟比较一致, 可信度较高; 4) Interim资料对西南、东南以及东北区域夏季水循环均有较好的描述能力; 而MERRA资料更适用于研究西南和西北区域的水汽收支情况.Atmospheric water cycle process includes precipitation, evaporation, water vapor transport and other links. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the atmospheric water cycle over China in summer are investigated by using the ERA-Interim and MERRA reanalysis from 1979 to 2012. Comparison and performance analyses of these two reanalysis data are given. The obtained results are as follows. 1) the spatial distributions of precipitation, evaporation and precipitable water are highly similar to each other, and all gradually decrease from southeast coast to northwest inland regions. Because the differences in physical condition, precipitation and evaporation among different underlying surfaces, mutually promot or mutually restrict each other, the interactions among them have positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Precipitable water mainly concentrates in the ground to the 700 hPa height, accounts for about 75% of the total quantity. 2) All of the atmospheric water cycle elements have obvious characteristics of climate change, especially in these areas like Northwest China, Tibet and Northeast China. The zonal flux of water vapor transport significantly decreases in most parts of the northern, while the meridional flux of water vapor transport significantly increases in the northern region of Northwest China. 3)The reproduction ability to change characteristics of precipitation is better than that of evaporation based on these reanalyses. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of moisture transport situation and the various levels of atmospheric water vapor content are highly consistent with each other. The simulations of flux climate change trend of precipitation and water vapor transport are more accurate and more reliable. 4) Interim reanalysis is applicable to the study of the southwest, Southeast and northeast regional atmospheric water balance, water cycle elements can maintain balance well, while MERRA reanalysis is more reasonable in Southwest and northwest.
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Keywords:
- atmospheric water cycle /
- reanalysis data /
- moisture budget of atmospheric /
- climatic variation trend
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[16] Zhao T B, Fu C B, Ke Z J, Guo W D 2010 Adv. Earth Sci. 25 242 (in Chinese) [赵天保, 符淙斌, 柯宗建, 郭维栋 2010 地球科学进展 25 242]
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[27] Liu Y B 2011 Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and Applications (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp3-37 (in Chinese) [刘元波 2011 水文气 候学–-视角与应用 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第3-37页]
[28] Mariotti A 2010 J. Climate 23 1513
[29] Douville H, Ribes A, Decharme B, Alkama R, Sheffield J 2013 Nature Climate Change 3 59
[30] Zuo H C, Li D L, Hu Y Q, Bao Y, L S H 2005 Chin. Sci. Bull. 50 1125 (in Chinese) [左洪超, 李栋梁, 胡隐樵, 鲍艳, 吕世华 2005 科学通报 50 1125]
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[1] Ye M, Wu Y P, Zhou J, Wu H, Tu G 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 129201 (in Chinese) [叶敏, 吴永萍, 周杰, 吴浩, 涂钢 2014 63 129201]
[2] Feng G L, Yang H W, Zhang S X, Wang K, Shen B Z 2012 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 36 1009 (in Chinese) [封国林, 杨涵洧, 张世轩, 王阔, 沈柏竹 2012 大气科学 36 1009]
[3] Shen B Z, Zhang S X, Yang H W, Wang K, Feng G L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 109202 (in Chinese) [沈柏竹, 张世轩, 杨涵洧, 王阔, 封国林 2012 61 109202]
[4] Boucher O, Myhre G, Myhre A 2000 Climate Dyn. 22 597
[5] IPCC 2013 Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p403
[6] Zhao R X, Wu G X 2007 Acta Meteor. Sin. 65 416 (in Chinese) [赵瑞霞, 吴国雄 2007 气象学报 65 416]
[7] Wu Y P 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Lanzhou University) (in Chinese) [吴永萍 2011 博士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州大学)]
[8] Zhang X W, Zhou S X 2010 Preliminary Study of Air Hydrology (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p18 (in Chinese) [张学文, 周少祥 2010空中水文学初探 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第18页]
[9] Bengtsson L 2010 Environ. Res. Lett. 5 025002
[10] Liu G W 1997 Atmospheric Processes in Hydrologic Cycle (Beijing: Science Press) pp19-24 (in Chinese) [刘国纬 1997 水文循环的大气过程 (北京: 科学出版社) 第19–24页]
[11] Cui Y F, Liu G W 1990 J. China Hydrol. 4 22 (in Chinese) [崔一峰, 刘国纬 1990 水文 4 22]
[12] Zhai P M, Eskridge R E 1997 J. Climate 10 2643
[13] Shi X Y, Shi X H 2008 J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci. 19 41 (in Chinese) [施小英, 施晓晖 2008 应用气象学报 19 41]
[14] Yi L, Tao S Y 1996 Climat. Environ. Res. 1 63 (in Chinese) [伊兰, 陶诗言 1996 气候与环境研究 1 63]
[15] Zhang W J, Zhou T J, Yu R C 2007 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 31 329 (in Chinese) [张文君, 周天军, 宇如聪 2007 大气科学 31 329]
[16] Zhao T B, Fu C B, Ke Z J, Guo W D 2010 Adv. Earth Sci. 25 242 (in Chinese) [赵天保, 符淙斌, 柯宗建, 郭维栋 2010 地球科学进展 25 242]
[17] Lorenz C, Kunstmann H 2012 J. Hydrometeor. 13 1397
[18] Dee D P, Uppala S M, Simmons A J, et al. 2011 Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137 553
[19] Uppala S M, Kallberg P W, Simmons A J 2005 Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131 2961
[20] Rienecker M M, Suarez M J, Gelaro R 2011 J. Climate 24 3624
[21] Su T, Lu Z Y, Zhou J, Hou W, Li Y, Tu G 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 099201 (in Chinese) [苏涛, 卢震宇, 周杰, 侯威, 李悦, 涂钢 2014 63 099201]
[22] Bisselink B, Dolman A J 2008 J. Hydrometeor. 9 1973
[23] Jones P D, Groisman P Y, Coughlan M, Plummer N, Wang W C, Karl T R 1990 Nature 347 169
[24] Shi N 2009 Meteorological Statistical Forecast (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp15-34 (in Chinese) [施能 2009 气象统计预报 (北京: 气象出版社) 第15–34页]
[25] Zhou J, Wu Y P, Feng G L, Hu J G 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 199202 (in Chinese) [周杰, 吴永萍, 封国林, 胡经国 2013 62 199202]
[26] Shi N, Huang X X, Yang Y 2003 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 27 971 (in Chinese) [施能, 黄先香, 杨扬 2003 大气科学 27 971]
[27] Liu Y B 2011 Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and Applications (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp3-37 (in Chinese) [刘元波 2011 水文气 候学–-视角与应用 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第3-37页]
[28] Mariotti A 2010 J. Climate 23 1513
[29] Douville H, Ribes A, Decharme B, Alkama R, Sheffield J 2013 Nature Climate Change 3 59
[30] Zuo H C, Li D L, Hu Y Q, Bao Y, L S H 2005 Chin. Sci. Bull. 50 1125 (in Chinese) [左洪超, 李栋梁, 胡隐樵, 鲍艳, 吕世华 2005 科学通报 50 1125]
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