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利用强流脉冲电子束 (HCPEB) 技术对金属纯锆进行表面处理, 采用X射线衍射, 扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜详细分析了辐照诱发的表层微观结构和缺陷. X射线分析结果表明, HCPEB辐照后在材料表层诱发幅值为GPa量级的压应力, 并形成{0002}, {1012}, {1120}及{1013}织构. 表层微观结构观察表明, 与其他金属材料不同, HCPEB辐照在材料表层诱发的熔坑数量极少, 多次轰击甚至几乎没有表面熔坑的形成. 此外, 在快速的加热和冷却状态下, 在表面熔化层形成大量的超细晶粒结构, 同时诱发马氏体相变和强烈的塑性变形. 1次HCPEB辐照后表层内形成的变形微结构以位错为主, 孪晶数量较少; 5 次辐照样品的位错密度迅速增高, 孪晶数量也显著增加; 10次辐照后样品中的变形微结构以变形孪晶为主, 且出现二次孪晶现象. 表层晶粒内部变形的晶体学特征不仅决定了表层的织构演化行为, 而且还起到细化晶粒的作用, 为纯锆及锆合金表面强化提供了一条有效的途径.High-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) technique was applied to irradiate the samples of pure zirconium. The microstructures and defects of the irradiated surface are investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD results show that the high value of stress (GPa order) is introduced within the irradiated surface layer, while the formation of {0002}, {1012}, {1120} and {1013} textures are present after HCPEB irradiation. Microstructure observations demonstrate that the surface craters are rarer, and almost no craters are present after multiple pulses HCPEB irradiation, which is evidently different from the case of other metal materials irradiated by HCPEB. Moreover, a large number of ultrafine grains are formed on the irradiated surface. Martensitic transformation occurs and severe plastic deformation is also induced due to the superfast melting and cooling processes. After one- pulse irradiation, the dislocations are the dominant defects, while the amount of twins is less. After five pulses, the dislocation density and the number of deformation twins increase evidently, whereas dense deformation twins are the central microstructures after ten-pulse irradiation, coupled with the appearance of secondary twins occasionally. The formation of these deformed structures results in a significant effect both on the evolution of surface textures and on grain refinement. It is suggested that HCPEB technique provides an impactful approach for hardening of zirconium and zirconium alloys.
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Keywords:
- high current pulsed electron beam /
- pure zirconium /
- microstructure /
- stress characteristic
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[2] Chen X W, Bai X D, Xue X Y 2003 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 32 321 (in Chinese) [陈小文, 白新德, 薛祥义 2003 稀有金属材料与工程 32 321]
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[7] Chen X W, Bai X D, Peng D Q, Zhou Q G, Chen B S 2003 J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 22 1523
[8] Zhang D L, Bai X D, Chen B S, Liu F Y, Wu Z M 2003 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 32 658 (in Chinese) [张岱岚, 白新德, 陈保山, 刘芳言, 伍志明 2003 稀有金属材料与工程 32 658]
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[10] Proskurovsky D I, Rotshtein V P, Ozur G E, Ivanov, Yu F, Markov A B 2000 Surf. Coat. Technol. 125 49
[11] Shulov V A, Nochovnaya N A 1999 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. 148 154
[12] Hao S Z, Yao S, Guan J, Wu A M, Zhong P, Dong C 2001 Curr. Appl. Phys. 1 203
[13] Qin Y, Wang X G, Hao S Z, Liu Y, Zou J X, Wu A M, Guan Q F 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 3043 (in Chinese) [秦颖, 王晓钢, 董闯, 郝胜智, 刘悦, 邹建新, 吴爱民, 关庆丰 2003 52 3043]
[14] Zou J X, Qin Y, Dong C, Wang X G, Hao S Z, Wu A M 2004 J.Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22 545
[15] Guan Q F, Gu Q Q, Li Y, Qiu D H, Peng D J, Wang X T 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 086106 (in Chinese) [关庆丰, 顾倩倩, 李艳, 邱冬华, 彭冬晋, 王雪涛 2010 60 086106]
[16] Guan Q F, Zou Y, Zhang Z Q, Guan J T, Su J X, Wang Z P 2012 J. Jilin Univ. Eng. Tech. (in Chinese) [关庆丰, 邹阳, 张在强, 关锦彤, 苏景新, 王志平 2012 强流脉冲电子束作用下纯铜的微观结构与性能, 吉林大学学报工学版, 2012 待发表]
[17] Qiu D H, Cheng D Q, Guan Q F, Zou G T 2009 Chin. J. High Pressure Phys. 23 321 (in chinese) [邱冬华, 程笃庆, 关庆丰, 邹广田 2009 高压 23 321]
[18] Li Y, Cai J, Lv P, Zou Y, Wan M Z, Peng D J, Gu Q Q, Guan Q F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 056105 (in Chinese) [李艳, 蔡杰, 吕鹏, 邹阳, 万明珍, 彭冬晋, 顾倩倩, 关庆丰 2012 61 056105]
[19] Yang Z Y, Zhao J P 1995 J. North Chin. Inst. Tech. 4 327 (in Chinese) [杨卓越, 赵家萍 1995 华北工学院学报 4 327]
[20] Tan C W, Wang F C, Li S K 2003 Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng. 5 62 (in Chinese) [谭成文, 王富耻, 李树奎 2003 兵器材料科学与工程 5 62]
[21] Zou J X 2007 Ph.D. Dissertation (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology) (in Chinese) [邹建新 2007 博士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学)]
[22] Thompson A, Strachan A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 085429
[23] Mishra, Sushil K, Tiwari, Shashank M, Kumar, Arun M, Hector Jr, Louis G 2012 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 1598
[24] Pogrebnjak A D, Ladysev V S, Pogrebnjak N A, Michaliov A D, Shablya V T, Valyaev A N, Valyaev A A, Loboda V B 2000 Vacuum 58 45
[25] Thomas L. Warren, Michael J. Forrestal 1998 Int. J. Solids Struc. 35 3737
[26] Markov A B, Rotshtein V P 1997 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B 132 79
[27] Jiang L, Pérez-Prado M T, Gruber P A, Arzt E, Ruano O A, Kassner M E 2008 J. Acta. Mater. 56 1228
[28] Luan B F, Yu H B, Huang T L, Zhou J, Shi M H 2012 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 41 357 (in Chinese) [栾佰峰, 余泓冰, 黄天林, 周军, 石明华 2012 稀有金属材料与工程 41 357]
[29] Tan X L, Gu H C 1996 Chin. J. Mater. Res. 10 569 (in Chinese) [谭晓礼, 顾海澄 1996 材料研究学报 10 569]
[30] Xiao L 1995 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 24 21 (in Chinese) [肖林 1995 稀有金属材料与工程 24 21]
[31] Lonardellii I, Gey N, Wenk H R, Humbert M, Vogel S C, Lutterotti L 2007 Acta Mater. 55 5718
[32] Elmer J W, Palmer T A, Babu S S 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 8327
[33] Yoo M H, Lee J K 1991 Philos. Mag. A 63 987
[34] Zhang L, Han Y 2009 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 523 130
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[1] Li Z K, Zhou L, Li P Z, Zhang J J, Xue X Y, Song Q Z 1999 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 28 380 (in Chinese) [李中奎, 周廉, 李佩志, 张建军, 薛祥义, 宋启忠 1999 稀有金属材料与工程 28 380]
[2] Chen X W, Bai X D, Xue X Y 2003 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 32 321 (in Chinese) [陈小文, 白新德, 薛祥义 2003 稀有金属材料与工程 32 321]
[3] Peng D Q, Bai X D, Chen B S 2005 Acta. Metall. Sin. 41 185 (in Chinese) [彭德全, 白新德, 陈宝山 2005 金属学报 41 185]
[4] Lee S, Park C, Lim Y, Kwon H 2003 J. Nucl. Mater. 321 177
[5] Kim H G, Jeong Y H, Kim T H 2001 J. Nucl. Mater. 326125
[6] Lee S J, Kwon H S, Kim W, Choi B H 1999 Mater. Sci. Technol. A 263 23
[7] Chen X W, Bai X D, Peng D Q, Zhou Q G, Chen B S 2003 J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 22 1523
[8] Zhang D L, Bai X D, Chen B S, Liu F Y, Wu Z M 2003 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 32 658 (in Chinese) [张岱岚, 白新德, 陈保山, 刘芳言, 伍志明 2003 稀有金属材料与工程 32 658]
[9] Proskurovsky D I, Rotshtein V P, Ozur G E, Markov A B, Nazarov D S, Shulov V A, Ivanov, Yu F, Buchheit R G 1998 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 2480
[10] Proskurovsky D I, Rotshtein V P, Ozur G E, Ivanov, Yu F, Markov A B 2000 Surf. Coat. Technol. 125 49
[11] Shulov V A, Nochovnaya N A 1999 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. 148 154
[12] Hao S Z, Yao S, Guan J, Wu A M, Zhong P, Dong C 2001 Curr. Appl. Phys. 1 203
[13] Qin Y, Wang X G, Hao S Z, Liu Y, Zou J X, Wu A M, Guan Q F 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 3043 (in Chinese) [秦颖, 王晓钢, 董闯, 郝胜智, 刘悦, 邹建新, 吴爱民, 关庆丰 2003 52 3043]
[14] Zou J X, Qin Y, Dong C, Wang X G, Hao S Z, Wu A M 2004 J.Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22 545
[15] Guan Q F, Gu Q Q, Li Y, Qiu D H, Peng D J, Wang X T 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 086106 (in Chinese) [关庆丰, 顾倩倩, 李艳, 邱冬华, 彭冬晋, 王雪涛 2010 60 086106]
[16] Guan Q F, Zou Y, Zhang Z Q, Guan J T, Su J X, Wang Z P 2012 J. Jilin Univ. Eng. Tech. (in Chinese) [关庆丰, 邹阳, 张在强, 关锦彤, 苏景新, 王志平 2012 强流脉冲电子束作用下纯铜的微观结构与性能, 吉林大学学报工学版, 2012 待发表]
[17] Qiu D H, Cheng D Q, Guan Q F, Zou G T 2009 Chin. J. High Pressure Phys. 23 321 (in chinese) [邱冬华, 程笃庆, 关庆丰, 邹广田 2009 高压 23 321]
[18] Li Y, Cai J, Lv P, Zou Y, Wan M Z, Peng D J, Gu Q Q, Guan Q F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 056105 (in Chinese) [李艳, 蔡杰, 吕鹏, 邹阳, 万明珍, 彭冬晋, 顾倩倩, 关庆丰 2012 61 056105]
[19] Yang Z Y, Zhao J P 1995 J. North Chin. Inst. Tech. 4 327 (in Chinese) [杨卓越, 赵家萍 1995 华北工学院学报 4 327]
[20] Tan C W, Wang F C, Li S K 2003 Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng. 5 62 (in Chinese) [谭成文, 王富耻, 李树奎 2003 兵器材料科学与工程 5 62]
[21] Zou J X 2007 Ph.D. Dissertation (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology) (in Chinese) [邹建新 2007 博士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学)]
[22] Thompson A, Strachan A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 085429
[23] Mishra, Sushil K, Tiwari, Shashank M, Kumar, Arun M, Hector Jr, Louis G 2012 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 1598
[24] Pogrebnjak A D, Ladysev V S, Pogrebnjak N A, Michaliov A D, Shablya V T, Valyaev A N, Valyaev A A, Loboda V B 2000 Vacuum 58 45
[25] Thomas L. Warren, Michael J. Forrestal 1998 Int. J. Solids Struc. 35 3737
[26] Markov A B, Rotshtein V P 1997 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B 132 79
[27] Jiang L, Pérez-Prado M T, Gruber P A, Arzt E, Ruano O A, Kassner M E 2008 J. Acta. Mater. 56 1228
[28] Luan B F, Yu H B, Huang T L, Zhou J, Shi M H 2012 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 41 357 (in Chinese) [栾佰峰, 余泓冰, 黄天林, 周军, 石明华 2012 稀有金属材料与工程 41 357]
[29] Tan X L, Gu H C 1996 Chin. J. Mater. Res. 10 569 (in Chinese) [谭晓礼, 顾海澄 1996 材料研究学报 10 569]
[30] Xiao L 1995 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 24 21 (in Chinese) [肖林 1995 稀有金属材料与工程 24 21]
[31] Lonardellii I, Gey N, Wenk H R, Humbert M, Vogel S C, Lutterotti L 2007 Acta Mater. 55 5718
[32] Elmer J W, Palmer T A, Babu S S 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 8327
[33] Yoo M H, Lee J K 1991 Philos. Mag. A 63 987
[34] Zhang L, Han Y 2009 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 523 130
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