-
无损获取高分辨率、高衬度微纳米材料结构图像, 并能够原位、 定量分析是X射线成像技术发展方向之一. 最新发展起来的相干X射线衍射成像技术, 也称为无透镜成像技术, 为实现这一目标提供了可能. 本文介绍了相干X射线衍射成像技术的成像原理和发展过程, 以及在材料学和生物学中的一些典型应用和最新进展, 例如掺杂铋元素在硅晶体中的分布成像, GaN量子点壳层结构的三维高分辨成像, 染色大肠杆菌的二维成像, 鱼骨的二维成像及矿化机理研究, 单个未染色疱疹病毒的二维高衬度成像, 未染色酵母菌细胞的三维高分辨成像及原位定量分析. 最后对相干X射线衍射成像技术的发展方向做了展望. 随着X射线自由电子激光的应用和冷冻技术与相干X射线衍射成像技术的结合, 相干X射线衍射成像技术将得到快速的发展和广泛的应用.In site quantitative, high-contrast and high-resolution imaging of micro/nanoscale material is an important goal of the X-ray microscopy and imaging. A novel method which is called lensless imaging or coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, is a promising approach to solving these problems. In this review, a brief introduction to imaging theory and development of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, and some typical applications in material science and biology are presented. For instance, two-dimensional (2D) imaging of Bi dopant distribution in a Si crystal, quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging of a GaN quantum dot with core shell structure, 2D imaging of stained Escherichia coli bacteria, nanoscale imaging and mechanisms of biomineralization of fish bones, 2D high-contrast imaging of an unstained herpes virus, 3D high-resolution imaging of an unstained yeast cell and in situ quantitative analysis are illuminated. Finally, the future prospect of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging is given. With the development of X-ray free electron lasers and combining cryogenic techniques with coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy, coherent diffraction imaging will be a powerful tool and widely used in materials science and biology.
-
Keywords:
- coherent X-ray diffraction imaging /
- oversampling /
- phase retrieval /
- quantitative imaging
[1] Miao J W, Ishikawa T, Shen Q, Earnest T 2008 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 387
[2] [3] Wang Z B, Guo W, Li L, Luk'yanchuk B, Khan A, Liu Z, Chen Z C, Hong M H 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 218
[4] Betzig E, Patterson G H, Sougrat R, Lindwasser O W, Olenych S, Bonifacino J S, Davidson M W, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hess H F 2006 Science 313 1642
[5] [6] [7] Chao W, Harteneck B D, Liddle J A, Anderson E H , Attwood D T 2005 Nature 435 1210
[8] [9] Jefimovs K, Vila-Comamala J, Pilvi T, Raabe J, Ritala M, David C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 264801
[10] Kang H C, Yan H F, Winarski R P, Holt M V, Maser J, Liu C, Conley R, Vogt S, Macrander A T, Stephenson G B 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 221114
[11] [12] Kirz J, Jacobsen C 2009 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 186 012001
[13] [14] Mimura H, Handa S, Kimura T, Yumoto H, Yamakawa D, Yokoyama H, Matsuyama S, Inagaki K, Yamamura K, Sano Y, Tamasaku K, Nishino Y, Yabashi M, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 122
[15] [16] Chao W L, Kim J H, Rekawa S, Fischer P, Anderson E H 2009 Opt. Express 17 17669
[17] [18] [19] Rehbein S, Heim S, Guttmann P, Werner S, Schneider G 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 110801
[20] Miao J W, Chapman H N, Kirz J, Sayre D, Hodgson K O 2004 Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 33 157
[21] [22] [23] Sayre D, Schlenker M 1980 Lecture Notes in Physics (Vol. 112) (Berlin: Springer) p229
[24] [25] Sayre D, Schenck H 1991 In Direct Methods of Solving Crystal Structures (New York: Plenum) p353
[26] Miao J W, Charalambous P, Kirz J, Sayre D 1999 Nature 400 342
[27] [28] Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Zettsu N, Matsubara E, Yamauchi K, Ishikawa T 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 214102
[29] [30] [31] Takahashi Y, Zettsu N, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1922
[32] Nelson J, Huang X J, Steinbrener J, Shapiro D, Kirz J, Marchesini S, Neiman A M, Turner J J, Jacobsen C 2010 PNAS 107 7235
[33] [34] Jiang H D, Song C Y, Chen C C, Xu R, Raines K S, Benjamin P F, Lu C H, Lee T K, Nakashima A, Urano J, Ishikawa T, Tamanoi F, Miao J W 2010 PNAS 107 11234
[35] [36] Miao J W, Ishikawa T, Johnson B, Anderson E H, Lai B, Hodgson K O 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 088303
[37] [38] [39] Miao J W, Chen C C, Song C Y, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Damien R J, Lee T K, Risbud S H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 215503
[40] Miao J W, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Johnson B, Song C Y, Risbud S H, Ishikawa T 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 085503
[41] [42] [43] Miao J W, Hodgson K O, Ishikawa T, Larabell C A, LeGros M A, Nishino Y 2003 PNAS 100 110
[44] Robinson I K, Vartanyants I A, Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Pitney J A 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 195505
[45] [46] Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Vartanyants I A, Robinson I K 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 175501
[47] [48] Williams G J, Quiney H M, Dhal B B, Tran C Q, Nugent K A, Peele A G, Paterson D, de Jonge M D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 025506
[49] [50] Williams G J, Hanssen E, Peele A G, Pfeifer M A, Clark J, Abbey B, Cadenazzi G, De Jonge M D, Vogt S, Tilley L, Nugent K A 2008 Cytometry A 73A 949
[51] [52] Nugent K A, Peele A G, Chapman H N, Mancuso A P 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 203902
[53] [54] [55] Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartanyants I A, Harder R, Robinson I K 2006 Nature 442 63
[56] [57] Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Kubo H, Furukawa H, Mimura H, Matsuyama S, Zettsu N, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 054103
[58] [59] Jiang H D, Ramunno-Johnson D, Song C Y, Amirbekian B, Kohmura Y, Nishino Y, Takahashi Y, Ishikawa T, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 038103
[60] [61] Song C Y, Jiang H D, Mancuso A, Amirbekian B, Peng L, Sun R, Shah S S, Zhou Z H, Ishikawa T, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 158101
[62] [63] Song C Y, Bergstrom R, Ramunno-Johnson D, Jiang H D, Paterson D, de Jonge M D, McNulty I, Lee J, Wang K, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 025504
[64] [65] Shapiro D, Thibault P, Beetz T, Elser V, Howells M, Jacobsen C, Kirz J, Lima E, Miao H J, Neiman A M, Sayre D 2005 PNAS 102 15343
[66] Nishino Y, Takahashi Y, Imamoto N, Ishikawa T, Maeshima K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 018101
[67] [68] Huang X J, Nelson J, Kirz J, Lima E, Marchesini S, Miao H J, Neiman A M, Shapiro D, Steinbrener J, Stewart A, Turner J J, Jacobsen C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 198101
[69] [70] Lima E, Wiegart L, Pernot P, Howells M, Timmins J, Zontone F, Madsen A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 198102
[71] [72] Newton M C, Leake S J, Harder R, Robinson I K 2009 Nat. Mater. 9 120
[73] [74] [75] Gulden J, Yefanov O M, Mancuso A P, Abramova V V, Hilhorst J, Byelov D, Snigireva I, Snigirev A, Petukhov A V, Vartanyants I A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 224105
[76] Abbey B, Nugent K A, Williams G J, Clark J N, Peele A G, Pfeifer M A, de Jonge M, McNulty I 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 394
[77] [78] Rodenburg J M, Hurst A C, Cullis A G, Dobson B R, Pfeiffer F, Bunk O, David C, Jefimovs K, Johnson I 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 34801
[79] [80] Thibault P, Dierolf M, Menzel A, Bunk O, David C, Pfeiffer F 2008 Science 321 379
[81] [82] [83] Giewekemeyer K, Thibault P, Kalbfleisch S, Beerlink A, Kewish C M, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F, Salditt T 2010 PNAS 107 529
[84] [85] Dierolf M, Menzel A, Thibault P, Schneider P, Kewish C M, Wepf R, Bunk O, Pfeiffer F 2010 Nature 467 436
[86] Thibault P, Dierolf M, Bunk O, Menzel A, Pfeiffer F 2009 Ultramicroscopy 109 338
[87] [88] Takahashi Y, Suzuki A, Zettsu N, Kohmura Y, Senba Y, Ohashi H, Yamauchi K, Ishikawa T 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 214109
[89] [90] [91] Schroer C G, Boye P, Feldkamp J M, Patommel J, Schropp A, Schwab A, Stephan S, Burghammer M, Schder S, Riekel C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 90801
[92] [93] Barty A, Marchesini S, Chapman H N, Cui C, Howells M R, Shapiro D A, Minor A M, Spence J C H, Weierstall U, Ilavsky J, Noy A, Hau-Riege S P, Artyukhin A B, Baumann T, Willey T, Stolken J, van Buuren T, Kinney J H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 55501
[94] Takahashi Y, Kubo H, Furukawa H, Yamauchi K, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Nishino Y 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 092105
[95] [96] Chapman H N, Barty A, Bogan M J, Boutet S, Frank M, Hau-Riege S P, Marchesini S, Woods B W, Bajt S, Benner W H, London R A, Plnjes E, Kuhlmann M, Treusch R, Dsterer S, Tschentscher T, Schneider J R, Spiller E, Mller T, Bostedt C, Hoener M, Shapiro D A, Hodgson K O, van der Spoel D, Burmeister F, Bergh M, Caleman C, Huldt G, Seibert M M, Maia F R N C, Lee R W, Szke A, Timneanu N, Hajdu J 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 839
[97] [98] Seibert M M, Ekeberg T, Maia F R N C, Svenda M, Andreasson J, Jnsson O, Odić D, Iwan B, Rocker A, Westphal D, Hantke M, DePonte D P, Barty A, Schulz J, Gumprecht L, Coppola N, Aquila A, Liang M, White T A, Martin A, Caleman C, Stern S, Abergel C, Seltzer V, Claverie J, Bostedt C, Bozek J D, Boutet S, Miahnahri A A, Messerschmidt M, Krzywinski J, Williams G, Hodgson K O, Bogan M J, Hampton C Y, Sierra R G, Starodub D, Andersson I, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Spence J C H, Fromme P, Weierstall U, Kirian R, Hunter M, Doak R B, Marchesini S, Hau-Riege S P, Frank M, Shoeman R L, Lomb L, Epp S W, Hartmann R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Schmidt C, Foucar L, Kimmel N, Holl P, Rudek B, Erk B, Hmke A, Reich C, Pietschner D, Weidenspointner G, Strder L, Hauser G, Gorke H, Ullrich J, Schlichting I, Herrmann S, Schaller G, Schopper F, Soltau H, Khnel K, Andritschke R, Schrter C, Krasniqi F, Bott M, Schorb S, Rupp D, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Hirsemann H, Potdevin G, Graafsma H, Nilsson B, Chapman H N, Hajdu J 2011 Nature 470 78
[99] [100] Mancuso A P, Gorniak T, Staier F, Yefanov O M, Barth R, Christophis C, Reime B, Gulden J, Singer A, Pettit M E, Nisius T, Wilhein T, Gutt C, Grbel G, Guerassimova N, Treusch R, Feldhaus J, Eisebitt S, Weckert E, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A, Vartanyants I A 2010 New J. Phys. 12 035003
[101] [102] [103] Barty A, Boutet S, Bogan M J, Hau-Riege S, Marchesini S, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Stojanovic N, Tobey R, Ehrke H, Cavalleri A, Dsterer S, Frank M, Bajt S, Woods B W, Seibert M M, Hajdu J, Treusch R, Chapman H N 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 415
[104] [105] Mancuso A P, Schropp A, Reime B, Stadler L M, Singer A, Gulden J, Streit-Nierobisch S, Gutt C, Grbel G, Feldhaus J, Staier F, Barth R, Rosenhahn A, Grunze M, Nisius T, Wilhein T, Stickler D, Stillrich H, Frmter R, Oepen H P, Martins M, Pfau B, Gnther C M, Knnecke R, Eisebitt S, Faatz B, Guerassimova N, Honkavaara K, Kocharyan V, Treusch R, Saldin E, Schreiber S, Schneidmiller E A, Yurkov M V, Weckert E, Vartanyants I A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 35502
[106] Sandberg R L, Song C Y, Wachulak P W, Raymondson D A, Paul A, Amirbekian B, Lee E, Sakdinawat A E, La-O-Vorakiat C, Marconi M C, Menoni C S, Murnane M M, Rocca J J, Kapteyn H C, Miao J W 2008 PNAS 105 24
[107] [108] Sandberg R L, Paul A, Raymondson D A, Hdrich S, Gaudiosi D M, Holtsnider J, Tobey R I, Cohen O, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Song C Y, Miao J W, Liu Y W, Salmassi F 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 98103
[109] [110] [111] Ravasio A, Gauthier D, Maia F R N C, Billon M, Caumes J P, Garzella D, Gloc M, Gobert O, Hergott J F, Pena A M, Perez H, Carr B, Bourhis E, Gierak J, Madouri A, Mailly D, Schiedt B, Fajardo M, Gautier J, Zeitoun P, Bucksbaum P H, Hajdu J, Merdji H 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 28104
[112] Raines K S, Salha S, Sandberg R L, Jiang H D, Rodriguez J A, Fahimian B P, Kapteyn H C, Du J, Miao J W 2009 Nature 463 214
[113] [114] Seaberg M D, Adams D E, Townsend E L, Raymondson D A, Schlotter W F, Liu Y, Menoni C S, Rong L, Chen C C, Miao J, Kapteyn H C, Murnane M M 2011 Opt. Express 19 22470
[115] [116] Miao J W, Ohsuna T, Terasaki O, Hodgson K O, O'Keefe M A 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 155502
[117] [118] Zuo J M, Vartanyants I, Gao M, Zhang R, Nagahara L A 2003 Science 300 1419
[119] [120] [121] Morishita S, Yamasaki J, Nakamura K, Kato T, Tanaka N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 183103
[122] Dronyak R, Liang K S, Stetsko Y P, Lee T K, Feng C K, Tsai J S, Chen F R 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 111908
[123] [124] Chen C C, Jiang H D, Rong L, Salha S, Xu R, Mason T G, Miao J W 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 224104
[125] [126] Bunk O, Dierolf M, Kynde S, Johnson I, Marti O, Pfeiffer F 2008 Ultramicroscopy 108 481
[127] [128] [129] Miao J W, Kirz J, Sayre D 2000 Acta Cryst. D 56 1312
[130] [131] Patterson A L 1934 Phys. Rev. B 46 372
[132] [133] Ladd M F C, Palmer R A 1980 Theory and Practice of Direct Methods in Crystallography (New York: Plenum Press) p361
[134] [135] Giacovazzo C 1998 Direct Phasing in Crystallography (New York: Oxford Univ. Press)
[136] [137] Rossmann M G, Blow D 1963 Acta Crystallogr. 16 39
[138] Bricogne G 1974 Acta Crystallogr. 30 395
[139] [140] [141] Shannon C E 1949 Proc. IRE 37 10
[142] [143] Sayre D 1952 Acta Crystallogr. 5 843
[144] Bates R H T 1982 Optik (Stuttgart) 61 247
[145] [146] [147] Bates R H T 1984 Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 25 205
[148] Miao J W, Sayre D, Chapman H N 1998 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15 1662
[149] [150] Zhou G Z, Tong Y J, Chen C, Ren Y Q, Wang Y D, Xiao T Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 028701 (in Chinese) [周光照, 佟亚军, 陈灿, 任玉琦, 王玉丹, 肖体乔 2011 60 028701]
[151] [152] [153] Zhou G Z, Wang Y D, Ren Y Q, Chen C, Ye L L, Xiao T Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 018701 (in Chinese) [周光照, 王玉丹, 任玉琦, 陈灿, 叶琳琳, 肖体乔 2011 61 018701]
[154] Gerchberg R W, Saxton W O 1972 Optik 35 237
[155] [156] Fienup J R 1978 Opt. Lett. 3 27
[157] [158] Fienup J R 1982 Appl. Opt. 21 2758
[159] [160] Elser V 2003 Acta Cryst. A 59 201
[161] [162] [163] Chen C C, Miao J W, Wang C W, Lee T K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 64113
[164] Marchesini S 2007 Rev. Sci. Instru. 78 011301
[165] [166] Marchesini S, He H, Chapman H N, Hau-Riege S P, Noy A, Howells M R, Weierstall U, Spence J C H 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 140101
[167] [168] [169] Miao J W, Sayre D 2000 Acta Cryst. A 56 596
[170] Miao J W, Amonette J E, Nishino Y, Ishikawa T, Hodgson K O 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 012201
[171] [172] [173] Abbey B, Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Clark J N, Putkunz C T, Torrance A, McNulty I, Levin T, Peele A G, Nugent K A 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 214101
[174] [175] Diaz A, Trtik P, Guizar-Sicairos M, Menzel A, Thibault P, Bunk O 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 020104
[176] [177] Beckers M, Senkbeil T, Gorniak T, Reese M, Giewekemeyer K, Gleber S C, Salditt T, Rosenhahn A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 208101
[178] [179] Harder R, Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartaniants I A, Robinson I K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 115425
[180] [181] Robinson I K, Miao J W 2004 MRS Bull. 29 177
[182] Kitchen D, Richardella A, Tang J M, Flatt M E, Yazdani A 2006 Nature 442 436
[183] [184] [185] Ade H, Stoll H 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 281
[186] Fienup J R 1987 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4 118
[187] [188] [189] Tripathi A, Mohanty J, Dietze S H, Shpyrko O G, Shipton E, Fullerton E E, Kim S S, McNulty I 2011 PNAS 108 13393
[190] Turner J J, Huang X J, Krupin O, Seu K A, Parks D, Kevan S, Lima E, Kisslinger K, McNulty I, Gambino R, Mangin S, Roy S, Fischer P 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 33904
[191] [192] [193] Ade H, Zhang X, Cameron S, Costello C, Kirz J, Williams S 1992 Science 258 972
[194] [195] Avioli L V, Krane S M 1998 Metabolic Bone Disease (New York: Academic)
[196] [197] Nakamura S 1998 Science 281 956
[198] [199] Pearsall T P 2000 Quantum Semiconductor Devices and Technologies (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
[200] [201] Miao J W, Frster F, Levi O 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 052103
[202] [203] Sakdinawat A, Attwood D 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 840
[204] Hochuli E, Dbeli H, Schacher A 1987 J. Chromatogr. A 411 177
[205] [206] Kirz J, Jacobsen C, Howells M 1995 Q. Rev. Biophys. 28 33
[207] [208] Song C Y, Ramunno-Johnson D, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Chen C C, Lee T K, Miao J W 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 012102
[209] [210] Spence J C H, Doak R B 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 198102
[211] [212] [213] White S W, Hulmes D J S, Miller A 1977 Nature 266 421
[214] [215] Zhou H W, Burger C, Sics I, Hsiao B S, Chu B, Graham L, Glimcher M J 2007 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40 666
[216] [217] Jiang H D, Liu X Y 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279 41286
[218] De la Cuesta F B, Wenger M P E, Bean R J, Bozec L, Horton M A, Robinson I K 2009 PNAS 106 15297
[219] [220] [221] Lucic V, Frster F, Baumeister W 2005 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 74 833
[222] [223] Kinney J H, Nichols M C 1992 Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 22 121
[224] Ritman E L 2004 Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 6 185
[225] [226] [227] Chen C C, Miao J W, Lee T K 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 052102
[228] [229] Lee E, Fahimian B P, Iancu C V, Suloway C, Murphy G E, Wright E R, Castańo-Diez D, Jensen G J, Miao J W 2008 J. Struct. Biol. 164 221
[230] Fahimian B P, Mao Y, Cloetens P, Miao J W 2010 Phys. Med. Biol. 55 5383
[231] [232] Kubitschek H E, Ward R A 1985 J. Bacteriol. 162 902
[233] [234] [235] McNeil B W J, Thompson N R 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 814
[236] Williams S, Zhang X, Jacobsen C, Kirz J, Lindaas S, Van't Hof J, Lamm S S 1993 J. Microsc. 170 155
[237] [238] Shen Q, Bazarov I, Thibault P 2004 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 11 432
[239] [240] Howells M R, Beetz T, Chapman H N, Cui C, Holton J M, Jacobsen C J, Kirz J, Lima E, Marchesini S, Miao H J, Sayre D, Shapiro D A, Spence J C H, Starodub D 2009 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 170 4
[241] [242] [243] Owen R L, Rudińo-Pińera E, Garman E F 2006 PNAS 103 4912
[244] Neutze R, Wouts R, van der Spoel D, Weckert E, Hajdu J 2000 Nature 406 752
[245] [246] Miao J W, Hodgson K O, Sayre D 2001 PNAS 98 6641
[247] -
[1] Miao J W, Ishikawa T, Shen Q, Earnest T 2008 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 387
[2] [3] Wang Z B, Guo W, Li L, Luk'yanchuk B, Khan A, Liu Z, Chen Z C, Hong M H 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 218
[4] Betzig E, Patterson G H, Sougrat R, Lindwasser O W, Olenych S, Bonifacino J S, Davidson M W, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hess H F 2006 Science 313 1642
[5] [6] [7] Chao W, Harteneck B D, Liddle J A, Anderson E H , Attwood D T 2005 Nature 435 1210
[8] [9] Jefimovs K, Vila-Comamala J, Pilvi T, Raabe J, Ritala M, David C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 264801
[10] Kang H C, Yan H F, Winarski R P, Holt M V, Maser J, Liu C, Conley R, Vogt S, Macrander A T, Stephenson G B 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 221114
[11] [12] Kirz J, Jacobsen C 2009 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 186 012001
[13] [14] Mimura H, Handa S, Kimura T, Yumoto H, Yamakawa D, Yokoyama H, Matsuyama S, Inagaki K, Yamamura K, Sano Y, Tamasaku K, Nishino Y, Yabashi M, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 122
[15] [16] Chao W L, Kim J H, Rekawa S, Fischer P, Anderson E H 2009 Opt. Express 17 17669
[17] [18] [19] Rehbein S, Heim S, Guttmann P, Werner S, Schneider G 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 110801
[20] Miao J W, Chapman H N, Kirz J, Sayre D, Hodgson K O 2004 Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 33 157
[21] [22] [23] Sayre D, Schlenker M 1980 Lecture Notes in Physics (Vol. 112) (Berlin: Springer) p229
[24] [25] Sayre D, Schenck H 1991 In Direct Methods of Solving Crystal Structures (New York: Plenum) p353
[26] Miao J W, Charalambous P, Kirz J, Sayre D 1999 Nature 400 342
[27] [28] Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Zettsu N, Matsubara E, Yamauchi K, Ishikawa T 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 214102
[29] [30] [31] Takahashi Y, Zettsu N, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1922
[32] Nelson J, Huang X J, Steinbrener J, Shapiro D, Kirz J, Marchesini S, Neiman A M, Turner J J, Jacobsen C 2010 PNAS 107 7235
[33] [34] Jiang H D, Song C Y, Chen C C, Xu R, Raines K S, Benjamin P F, Lu C H, Lee T K, Nakashima A, Urano J, Ishikawa T, Tamanoi F, Miao J W 2010 PNAS 107 11234
[35] [36] Miao J W, Ishikawa T, Johnson B, Anderson E H, Lai B, Hodgson K O 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 088303
[37] [38] [39] Miao J W, Chen C C, Song C Y, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Damien R J, Lee T K, Risbud S H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 215503
[40] Miao J W, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Johnson B, Song C Y, Risbud S H, Ishikawa T 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 085503
[41] [42] [43] Miao J W, Hodgson K O, Ishikawa T, Larabell C A, LeGros M A, Nishino Y 2003 PNAS 100 110
[44] Robinson I K, Vartanyants I A, Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Pitney J A 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 195505
[45] [46] Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Vartanyants I A, Robinson I K 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 175501
[47] [48] Williams G J, Quiney H M, Dhal B B, Tran C Q, Nugent K A, Peele A G, Paterson D, de Jonge M D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 025506
[49] [50] Williams G J, Hanssen E, Peele A G, Pfeifer M A, Clark J, Abbey B, Cadenazzi G, De Jonge M D, Vogt S, Tilley L, Nugent K A 2008 Cytometry A 73A 949
[51] [52] Nugent K A, Peele A G, Chapman H N, Mancuso A P 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 203902
[53] [54] [55] Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartanyants I A, Harder R, Robinson I K 2006 Nature 442 63
[56] [57] Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, Tsutsumi R, Kubo H, Furukawa H, Mimura H, Matsuyama S, Zettsu N, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 054103
[58] [59] Jiang H D, Ramunno-Johnson D, Song C Y, Amirbekian B, Kohmura Y, Nishino Y, Takahashi Y, Ishikawa T, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 038103
[60] [61] Song C Y, Jiang H D, Mancuso A, Amirbekian B, Peng L, Sun R, Shah S S, Zhou Z H, Ishikawa T, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 158101
[62] [63] Song C Y, Bergstrom R, Ramunno-Johnson D, Jiang H D, Paterson D, de Jonge M D, McNulty I, Lee J, Wang K, Miao J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 025504
[64] [65] Shapiro D, Thibault P, Beetz T, Elser V, Howells M, Jacobsen C, Kirz J, Lima E, Miao H J, Neiman A M, Sayre D 2005 PNAS 102 15343
[66] Nishino Y, Takahashi Y, Imamoto N, Ishikawa T, Maeshima K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 018101
[67] [68] Huang X J, Nelson J, Kirz J, Lima E, Marchesini S, Miao H J, Neiman A M, Shapiro D, Steinbrener J, Stewart A, Turner J J, Jacobsen C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 198101
[69] [70] Lima E, Wiegart L, Pernot P, Howells M, Timmins J, Zontone F, Madsen A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 198102
[71] [72] Newton M C, Leake S J, Harder R, Robinson I K 2009 Nat. Mater. 9 120
[73] [74] [75] Gulden J, Yefanov O M, Mancuso A P, Abramova V V, Hilhorst J, Byelov D, Snigireva I, Snigirev A, Petukhov A V, Vartanyants I A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 224105
[76] Abbey B, Nugent K A, Williams G J, Clark J N, Peele A G, Pfeifer M A, de Jonge M, McNulty I 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 394
[77] [78] Rodenburg J M, Hurst A C, Cullis A G, Dobson B R, Pfeiffer F, Bunk O, David C, Jefimovs K, Johnson I 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 34801
[79] [80] Thibault P, Dierolf M, Menzel A, Bunk O, David C, Pfeiffer F 2008 Science 321 379
[81] [82] [83] Giewekemeyer K, Thibault P, Kalbfleisch S, Beerlink A, Kewish C M, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F, Salditt T 2010 PNAS 107 529
[84] [85] Dierolf M, Menzel A, Thibault P, Schneider P, Kewish C M, Wepf R, Bunk O, Pfeiffer F 2010 Nature 467 436
[86] Thibault P, Dierolf M, Bunk O, Menzel A, Pfeiffer F 2009 Ultramicroscopy 109 338
[87] [88] Takahashi Y, Suzuki A, Zettsu N, Kohmura Y, Senba Y, Ohashi H, Yamauchi K, Ishikawa T 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 214109
[89] [90] [91] Schroer C G, Boye P, Feldkamp J M, Patommel J, Schropp A, Schwab A, Stephan S, Burghammer M, Schder S, Riekel C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 90801
[92] [93] Barty A, Marchesini S, Chapman H N, Cui C, Howells M R, Shapiro D A, Minor A M, Spence J C H, Weierstall U, Ilavsky J, Noy A, Hau-Riege S P, Artyukhin A B, Baumann T, Willey T, Stolken J, van Buuren T, Kinney J H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 55501
[94] Takahashi Y, Kubo H, Furukawa H, Yamauchi K, Matsubara E, Ishikawa T, Nishino Y 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 092105
[95] [96] Chapman H N, Barty A, Bogan M J, Boutet S, Frank M, Hau-Riege S P, Marchesini S, Woods B W, Bajt S, Benner W H, London R A, Plnjes E, Kuhlmann M, Treusch R, Dsterer S, Tschentscher T, Schneider J R, Spiller E, Mller T, Bostedt C, Hoener M, Shapiro D A, Hodgson K O, van der Spoel D, Burmeister F, Bergh M, Caleman C, Huldt G, Seibert M M, Maia F R N C, Lee R W, Szke A, Timneanu N, Hajdu J 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 839
[97] [98] Seibert M M, Ekeberg T, Maia F R N C, Svenda M, Andreasson J, Jnsson O, Odić D, Iwan B, Rocker A, Westphal D, Hantke M, DePonte D P, Barty A, Schulz J, Gumprecht L, Coppola N, Aquila A, Liang M, White T A, Martin A, Caleman C, Stern S, Abergel C, Seltzer V, Claverie J, Bostedt C, Bozek J D, Boutet S, Miahnahri A A, Messerschmidt M, Krzywinski J, Williams G, Hodgson K O, Bogan M J, Hampton C Y, Sierra R G, Starodub D, Andersson I, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Spence J C H, Fromme P, Weierstall U, Kirian R, Hunter M, Doak R B, Marchesini S, Hau-Riege S P, Frank M, Shoeman R L, Lomb L, Epp S W, Hartmann R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Schmidt C, Foucar L, Kimmel N, Holl P, Rudek B, Erk B, Hmke A, Reich C, Pietschner D, Weidenspointner G, Strder L, Hauser G, Gorke H, Ullrich J, Schlichting I, Herrmann S, Schaller G, Schopper F, Soltau H, Khnel K, Andritschke R, Schrter C, Krasniqi F, Bott M, Schorb S, Rupp D, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Hirsemann H, Potdevin G, Graafsma H, Nilsson B, Chapman H N, Hajdu J 2011 Nature 470 78
[99] [100] Mancuso A P, Gorniak T, Staier F, Yefanov O M, Barth R, Christophis C, Reime B, Gulden J, Singer A, Pettit M E, Nisius T, Wilhein T, Gutt C, Grbel G, Guerassimova N, Treusch R, Feldhaus J, Eisebitt S, Weckert E, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A, Vartanyants I A 2010 New J. Phys. 12 035003
[101] [102] [103] Barty A, Boutet S, Bogan M J, Hau-Riege S, Marchesini S, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Stojanovic N, Tobey R, Ehrke H, Cavalleri A, Dsterer S, Frank M, Bajt S, Woods B W, Seibert M M, Hajdu J, Treusch R, Chapman H N 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 415
[104] [105] Mancuso A P, Schropp A, Reime B, Stadler L M, Singer A, Gulden J, Streit-Nierobisch S, Gutt C, Grbel G, Feldhaus J, Staier F, Barth R, Rosenhahn A, Grunze M, Nisius T, Wilhein T, Stickler D, Stillrich H, Frmter R, Oepen H P, Martins M, Pfau B, Gnther C M, Knnecke R, Eisebitt S, Faatz B, Guerassimova N, Honkavaara K, Kocharyan V, Treusch R, Saldin E, Schreiber S, Schneidmiller E A, Yurkov M V, Weckert E, Vartanyants I A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 35502
[106] Sandberg R L, Song C Y, Wachulak P W, Raymondson D A, Paul A, Amirbekian B, Lee E, Sakdinawat A E, La-O-Vorakiat C, Marconi M C, Menoni C S, Murnane M M, Rocca J J, Kapteyn H C, Miao J W 2008 PNAS 105 24
[107] [108] Sandberg R L, Paul A, Raymondson D A, Hdrich S, Gaudiosi D M, Holtsnider J, Tobey R I, Cohen O, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Song C Y, Miao J W, Liu Y W, Salmassi F 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 98103
[109] [110] [111] Ravasio A, Gauthier D, Maia F R N C, Billon M, Caumes J P, Garzella D, Gloc M, Gobert O, Hergott J F, Pena A M, Perez H, Carr B, Bourhis E, Gierak J, Madouri A, Mailly D, Schiedt B, Fajardo M, Gautier J, Zeitoun P, Bucksbaum P H, Hajdu J, Merdji H 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 28104
[112] Raines K S, Salha S, Sandberg R L, Jiang H D, Rodriguez J A, Fahimian B P, Kapteyn H C, Du J, Miao J W 2009 Nature 463 214
[113] [114] Seaberg M D, Adams D E, Townsend E L, Raymondson D A, Schlotter W F, Liu Y, Menoni C S, Rong L, Chen C C, Miao J, Kapteyn H C, Murnane M M 2011 Opt. Express 19 22470
[115] [116] Miao J W, Ohsuna T, Terasaki O, Hodgson K O, O'Keefe M A 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 155502
[117] [118] Zuo J M, Vartanyants I, Gao M, Zhang R, Nagahara L A 2003 Science 300 1419
[119] [120] [121] Morishita S, Yamasaki J, Nakamura K, Kato T, Tanaka N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 183103
[122] Dronyak R, Liang K S, Stetsko Y P, Lee T K, Feng C K, Tsai J S, Chen F R 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 111908
[123] [124] Chen C C, Jiang H D, Rong L, Salha S, Xu R, Mason T G, Miao J W 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 224104
[125] [126] Bunk O, Dierolf M, Kynde S, Johnson I, Marti O, Pfeiffer F 2008 Ultramicroscopy 108 481
[127] [128] [129] Miao J W, Kirz J, Sayre D 2000 Acta Cryst. D 56 1312
[130] [131] Patterson A L 1934 Phys. Rev. B 46 372
[132] [133] Ladd M F C, Palmer R A 1980 Theory and Practice of Direct Methods in Crystallography (New York: Plenum Press) p361
[134] [135] Giacovazzo C 1998 Direct Phasing in Crystallography (New York: Oxford Univ. Press)
[136] [137] Rossmann M G, Blow D 1963 Acta Crystallogr. 16 39
[138] Bricogne G 1974 Acta Crystallogr. 30 395
[139] [140] [141] Shannon C E 1949 Proc. IRE 37 10
[142] [143] Sayre D 1952 Acta Crystallogr. 5 843
[144] Bates R H T 1982 Optik (Stuttgart) 61 247
[145] [146] [147] Bates R H T 1984 Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 25 205
[148] Miao J W, Sayre D, Chapman H N 1998 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15 1662
[149] [150] Zhou G Z, Tong Y J, Chen C, Ren Y Q, Wang Y D, Xiao T Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 028701 (in Chinese) [周光照, 佟亚军, 陈灿, 任玉琦, 王玉丹, 肖体乔 2011 60 028701]
[151] [152] [153] Zhou G Z, Wang Y D, Ren Y Q, Chen C, Ye L L, Xiao T Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 018701 (in Chinese) [周光照, 王玉丹, 任玉琦, 陈灿, 叶琳琳, 肖体乔 2011 61 018701]
[154] Gerchberg R W, Saxton W O 1972 Optik 35 237
[155] [156] Fienup J R 1978 Opt. Lett. 3 27
[157] [158] Fienup J R 1982 Appl. Opt. 21 2758
[159] [160] Elser V 2003 Acta Cryst. A 59 201
[161] [162] [163] Chen C C, Miao J W, Wang C W, Lee T K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 64113
[164] Marchesini S 2007 Rev. Sci. Instru. 78 011301
[165] [166] Marchesini S, He H, Chapman H N, Hau-Riege S P, Noy A, Howells M R, Weierstall U, Spence J C H 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 140101
[167] [168] [169] Miao J W, Sayre D 2000 Acta Cryst. A 56 596
[170] Miao J W, Amonette J E, Nishino Y, Ishikawa T, Hodgson K O 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 012201
[171] [172] [173] Abbey B, Williams G J, Pfeifer M A, Clark J N, Putkunz C T, Torrance A, McNulty I, Levin T, Peele A G, Nugent K A 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 214101
[174] [175] Diaz A, Trtik P, Guizar-Sicairos M, Menzel A, Thibault P, Bunk O 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 020104
[176] [177] Beckers M, Senkbeil T, Gorniak T, Reese M, Giewekemeyer K, Gleber S C, Salditt T, Rosenhahn A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 208101
[178] [179] Harder R, Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartaniants I A, Robinson I K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 115425
[180] [181] Robinson I K, Miao J W 2004 MRS Bull. 29 177
[182] Kitchen D, Richardella A, Tang J M, Flatt M E, Yazdani A 2006 Nature 442 436
[183] [184] [185] Ade H, Stoll H 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 281
[186] Fienup J R 1987 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4 118
[187] [188] [189] Tripathi A, Mohanty J, Dietze S H, Shpyrko O G, Shipton E, Fullerton E E, Kim S S, McNulty I 2011 PNAS 108 13393
[190] Turner J J, Huang X J, Krupin O, Seu K A, Parks D, Kevan S, Lima E, Kisslinger K, McNulty I, Gambino R, Mangin S, Roy S, Fischer P 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 33904
[191] [192] [193] Ade H, Zhang X, Cameron S, Costello C, Kirz J, Williams S 1992 Science 258 972
[194] [195] Avioli L V, Krane S M 1998 Metabolic Bone Disease (New York: Academic)
[196] [197] Nakamura S 1998 Science 281 956
[198] [199] Pearsall T P 2000 Quantum Semiconductor Devices and Technologies (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
[200] [201] Miao J W, Frster F, Levi O 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 052103
[202] [203] Sakdinawat A, Attwood D 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 840
[204] Hochuli E, Dbeli H, Schacher A 1987 J. Chromatogr. A 411 177
[205] [206] Kirz J, Jacobsen C, Howells M 1995 Q. Rev. Biophys. 28 33
[207] [208] Song C Y, Ramunno-Johnson D, Nishino Y, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Chen C C, Lee T K, Miao J W 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 012102
[209] [210] Spence J C H, Doak R B 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 198102
[211] [212] [213] White S W, Hulmes D J S, Miller A 1977 Nature 266 421
[214] [215] Zhou H W, Burger C, Sics I, Hsiao B S, Chu B, Graham L, Glimcher M J 2007 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40 666
[216] [217] Jiang H D, Liu X Y 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279 41286
[218] De la Cuesta F B, Wenger M P E, Bean R J, Bozec L, Horton M A, Robinson I K 2009 PNAS 106 15297
[219] [220] [221] Lucic V, Frster F, Baumeister W 2005 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 74 833
[222] [223] Kinney J H, Nichols M C 1992 Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 22 121
[224] Ritman E L 2004 Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 6 185
[225] [226] [227] Chen C C, Miao J W, Lee T K 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 052102
[228] [229] Lee E, Fahimian B P, Iancu C V, Suloway C, Murphy G E, Wright E R, Castańo-Diez D, Jensen G J, Miao J W 2008 J. Struct. Biol. 164 221
[230] Fahimian B P, Mao Y, Cloetens P, Miao J W 2010 Phys. Med. Biol. 55 5383
[231] [232] Kubitschek H E, Ward R A 1985 J. Bacteriol. 162 902
[233] [234] [235] McNeil B W J, Thompson N R 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 814
[236] Williams S, Zhang X, Jacobsen C, Kirz J, Lindaas S, Van't Hof J, Lamm S S 1993 J. Microsc. 170 155
[237] [238] Shen Q, Bazarov I, Thibault P 2004 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 11 432
[239] [240] Howells M R, Beetz T, Chapman H N, Cui C, Holton J M, Jacobsen C J, Kirz J, Lima E, Marchesini S, Miao H J, Sayre D, Shapiro D A, Spence J C H, Starodub D 2009 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 170 4
[241] [242] [243] Owen R L, Rudińo-Pińera E, Garman E F 2006 PNAS 103 4912
[244] Neutze R, Wouts R, van der Spoel D, Weckert E, Hajdu J 2000 Nature 406 752
[245] [246] Miao J W, Hodgson K O, Sayre D 2001 PNAS 98 6641
[247]
计量
- 文章访问数: 12845
- PDF下载量: 2462
- 被引次数: 0