Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures

LIN Jiyan; LI Yao; CHEN Cheng; LIN Shuyu; GUO Linwei; XU Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250901

Abstract

The band gap, localization, and waveguide characteristics of phononic crystal structures offer extensive potential applications in transducer field, particularly for circular-hole phononic crystals, which are extensively utilized in research on performance optimization of transducers due to their straightforward structure and easy fabrication. Nonetheless, studies have revealed that the bandgap width of circular-hole phononic crystal structures is directly proportional to their porosity. Typically, a higher porosity leads to enhanced energy localization of elastic waves. However, high porosity implies a narrower distance between circular holes, greatly reducing the mechanical strength of the structure. The introduction of columnar phononic crystal structures solves the problems of high porosity and strict dimensional accuracy requirements in circular-hole phononic crystal structures, providing a new approach for enhancing the performance of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers.This study employs cylindrical and acoustic surface structures fabricated on the front and rear cover plates of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers to manipulate the transmission behavior and pathway of sound waves, thereby achieving effective control over coupled vibrations within the transducer. This approach not only solves the problem of uneven amplitude distribution on the radiation surface due to uneven vibration energy transmission but also markedly enhances the displacement amplitude of the transducer’s radiation surface, ultimately enhancing its operational efficiency. The simulation results elucidate the influences of the configuration of these cylindrical and acoustic surface structures on transducer performance. Experimental findings further validate that these structures can effectively improve the performance of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. This study provides systematic design theory support for the engineering calculation and optimization of transducers.

Keywords:

porous phononic crystals /
columnar and acoustic surface structures /
piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers /
performance optimization

Authors and contacts

1.
Yulin Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Decision, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
2.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
3.
The Second Gas Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Branch, Yulin 719000, China

Corresponding author: LIN Shuyu, sylin@snnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12174240, 12364057), the Second Batch of “Light of Science and Technology” Young and Middle Aged Science and Technology Leading Talents Program of Yulin, China (Grant No. 2024-KJZG-ZQNLJ-003), and the Doctoral Research Start up Fund, China (Grant No. 22GK26).

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References

[1]	Fu J F, Lin B, Sui T Y, Dong B K 2025 Ultrasonics 148 107533 Google Scholar
[2]	Takeda K, Tanaka H, Tsuchiya T, Kaneko S 1998 Ultrasonics 36 75 Google Scholar
[3]	Kengo N, Watanabe Y 2006 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 4812 Google Scholar
[4]	Bendikiene R, Kavaliauskiene L, Borkys M 2021 CIRP J. Manu. Sci. Tech. 35 872 Google Scholar
[5]	Peters D 1996 J. Mater. Chem. 6 1605 Google Scholar
[6]	An D, Huang Y K, Li J G, Huang W Q 2025 Inter. J. Prec. Eng. Manu. 26 559 Google Scholar
[7]	Li Y X, Ye S Y, Long Z L, Ju J Z, Zhao H 2025 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 381 116037 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang J H, Ji H W, Anqi Q, Liu Y, Lin L M, Wu X, Ni J 2023 Materials 16 5812 Google Scholar
[9]	Ronda S, Montero de Espinosa F 2018 Adv. Appl. Ceram. 117 177 Google Scholar
[10]	李照希 2022 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Li Z X 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University
[11]	秦振杰 2023 硕士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Qin Z J 2023 M. S. Thesis (Taiyuan: North University of China
[12]	张利娟 2022 硕士学位论文 (镇江: 江苏大学) Zhang L J 2022 M. S. Thesis (Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University
[13]	宋明鑫 2020 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学) Song M X 2020 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
[14]	王燕萍 2023 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学) Wang Y P 2023 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: Guangdong University of Technology
[15]	林基艳, 林书玉, 王升, 李耀 2021 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 51 094311 Google Scholar Lin J Y, Lin S Y, Wang S, Li Y 2021 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 094311 Google Scholar
[16]	李婧 2021 博士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Li J 2021 Ph. D. Dissertation (Taiyuan: North University of China
[17]	Wang S, Chen C, Hu L Q, Lin S Y 2022 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 152 193 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang S, Shan J J, Lin S Y 2022 Ultrasonics 120 106640 Google Scholar
[19]	孙向洋, 燕群, 郭翔鹰 2021 人工晶体学报 50 1378 Google Scholar Sun X Y, Yan Q, Guo X Y 2021 J. Synt. Crys. 50 1378 Google Scholar
[20]	程晓茹 2021 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州大学) Chen X R 2021 M. S. Thesis (Lanzhou: Lanzhou University
[21]	尉浪浪 2023 硕士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Yu L L 2023 M. S. Thesis (Taiyuan: North University of China
[22]	谭自豪 2021 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州交通大学) Tan Z H 2021 M. S. Thesis (Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University
[23]	张敏, 温晓东, 孙小伟, 刘禧萱, 宋婷, 刘子江 2024 噪声与振动控制 44 96 Google Scholar Zhang M, Wen X D, Sun X W, Liu X X, Song T, Liu Z J 2024 Nois. Vibr. Cont. 44 96 Google Scholar
[24]	Qin Z J, Wang H L, Zhang H Q, Ding Q, Huang X, Zhu J J, Ren R, Sun X L 2023 Trans. Inst. Meas. Cont. 45 674 Google Scholar
[25]	Hu F B, Cheng L N, Fan S Y, Xue X F, Liang Y, Lu M H, Wang W 2022 Sens. Actu. A. Phys. 333 113298 Google Scholar
[26]	Dryburgh P, Smith J R, Marrow P, Laine S, Sharples S, Clark M, Li W Q 2020 Ultrasonics 108 106171 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhang Q Z, Guo J Q, Qin P, Tang G B, Zhang B F, Hashimoto K, Han T, Li P, Wen Y M 2018 Ultrasonics 88 131 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 大尺寸换能器的结构和振型图　(a) 结构图; (b) 振型图; (c) 辐射面位移分布图

Figure 1. Structure and vibration mode diagram of large-sized transducer: (a) Structural diagram; (b) vibration mode diagram; (c) displacement distribution diagram of radiation surface.

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图 2 大尺寸换能器的辐射面位移振幅

Figure 2. Radiation surface displacement amplitude of large-sized transducer.

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图 3 柱状和声学表面结构的前盖板的结构示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the front cover plate with columnar and acoustic surface structures.

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图 4 柱状和声学表面结构的前盖板的俯视图和侧视图

Figure 4. Top and side views of the front cover plate with columnar and acoustic surface structures.

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图 5 柱状和声学表面结构换能器的后盖板的结构示意图

Figure 5. Structural schematic diagram of optimized rear cover plate.

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图 6 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的结构和振型图

Figure 6. Structural and vibration mode diagrams of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with columnar and acoustic surface structure.

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图 7 辐射面位移振幅对比

Figure 7. Comparison of displacement amplitude of radiation surface.

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图 8 柱状结构的边长和高度对换能器性能的影响

Figure 8. Influences of the side length and height of columnar structures on the performance of transducers.

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图 9 圆柱体孔的半径对换能器性能的影响

Figure 9. Influence of the radius of the cylindrical hole on the performance of the transducer.

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图 10 环槽的高度对换能器性能的影响

Figure 10. Influence of the height of the ring groove on the performance of the transducer.

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图 11 表面凹槽的厚度对换能器性能的影响

Figure 11. Influence of the thickness of surface grooves on the performance of transducers.

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图 12 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的实物图

Figure 12. Physical image of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with columnar and acoustic surface structure.

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图 13 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的阻抗特性测量过程图

Figure 13. Measurement process diagram of impedance characteristics of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures.

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图 14 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的输入电阻抗与谐振频率的测量　(a) 测量结果; (b) 仿真导纳曲线图

Figure 14. Measurement of input impedance and resonant frequency of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures: (a) Measurement results; (b) simulation admittance curve.

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图 15 换能器的辐射面位移振幅分布的实验测量　(a) 测试图; (b) 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的测量结果; (c) 未优化换能器的测量结果

Figure 15. Experimental measurement of the displacement amplitude distribution of the radiation surface of the transducer: (a) Test chart; (b) measurement results of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures; (c) measurement results of the transducer that have not been optimized.

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表 1 大尺寸换能器的详细参数

Table 1. Detailed parameters of large-sized transducer.

组件名称	材料	形状	上底半径/mm	下底半径/mm	高度/mm
后盖板	Steel AISI 4340 钢	等截面圆柱	31	31	30
前盖板	Aluminium 6063-T83	圆台	31	50	35
压电陶瓷圆环(2片)	PZT-4	等截面圆环	内径7/外径30	内径7/外径30	8

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 (3)—(6)式中各常数取值

Table 2. Values of the constants in Eqs. (3)-(6).

		A	B	C	D
(3)式	x为柱高	19651.327	–277.955	11.400	–0.142
	x为柱边长	10141.232	2616.509	–221.630	7.083
	x为圆柱体孔半径	17511.585	–3.807	4.071	–0.893
	x为环槽高度	17405.221	88.233	–26.829	3.145
	x为凹槽厚度	17512.152	4.646	–0.732	0.746×10^–1
(4)式	y为圆柱体孔半径	17511.585	–3.807	4.071	–0.893
(4)式	y为环槽高度	17405.221	88.233	–26.829	3.145
(5)式	y₁为表面凹槽厚度	2.909×10^–4	8.421×10^–6	—	—
(6)式	z为柱高	41.422	4.051	0.022	–0.454×10^–2
	z为柱边长	–572.671	386.836	–72.945	4.206
	z为圆柱体孔半径	87.149	5.651	–0.866	–0.174
	z为环槽的高度	91.649	4.283	–1.871	0.221

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Fu J F, Lin B, Sui T Y, Dong B K 2025 Ultrasonics 148 107533 Google Scholar
[2]	Takeda K, Tanaka H, Tsuchiya T, Kaneko S 1998 Ultrasonics 36 75 Google Scholar
[3]	Kengo N, Watanabe Y 2006 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 4812 Google Scholar
[4]	Bendikiene R, Kavaliauskiene L, Borkys M 2021 CIRP J. Manu. Sci. Tech. 35 872 Google Scholar
[5]	Peters D 1996 J. Mater. Chem. 6 1605 Google Scholar
[6]	An D, Huang Y K, Li J G, Huang W Q 2025 Inter. J. Prec. Eng. Manu. 26 559 Google Scholar
[7]	Li Y X, Ye S Y, Long Z L, Ju J Z, Zhao H 2025 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 381 116037 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang J H, Ji H W, Anqi Q, Liu Y, Lin L M, Wu X, Ni J 2023 Materials 16 5812 Google Scholar
[9]	Ronda S, Montero de Espinosa F 2018 Adv. Appl. Ceram. 117 177 Google Scholar
[10]	李照希 2022 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Li Z X 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University
[11]	秦振杰 2023 硕士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Qin Z J 2023 M. S. Thesis (Taiyuan: North University of China
[12]	张利娟 2022 硕士学位论文 (镇江: 江苏大学) Zhang L J 2022 M. S. Thesis (Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University
[13]	宋明鑫 2020 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学) Song M X 2020 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
[14]	王燕萍 2023 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学) Wang Y P 2023 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: Guangdong University of Technology
[15]	林基艳, 林书玉, 王升, 李耀 2021 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 51 094311 Google Scholar Lin J Y, Lin S Y, Wang S, Li Y 2021 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 094311 Google Scholar
[16]	李婧 2021 博士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Li J 2021 Ph. D. Dissertation (Taiyuan: North University of China
[17]	Wang S, Chen C, Hu L Q, Lin S Y 2022 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 152 193 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang S, Shan J J, Lin S Y 2022 Ultrasonics 120 106640 Google Scholar
[19]	孙向洋, 燕群, 郭翔鹰 2021 人工晶体学报 50 1378 Google Scholar Sun X Y, Yan Q, Guo X Y 2021 J. Synt. Crys. 50 1378 Google Scholar
[20]	程晓茹 2021 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州大学) Chen X R 2021 M. S. Thesis (Lanzhou: Lanzhou University
[21]	尉浪浪 2023 硕士学位论文 (太原: 中北大学) Yu L L 2023 M. S. Thesis (Taiyuan: North University of China
[22]	谭自豪 2021 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州交通大学) Tan Z H 2021 M. S. Thesis (Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University
[23]	张敏, 温晓东, 孙小伟, 刘禧萱, 宋婷, 刘子江 2024 噪声与振动控制 44 96 Google Scholar Zhang M, Wen X D, Sun X W, Liu X X, Song T, Liu Z J 2024 Nois. Vibr. Cont. 44 96 Google Scholar
[24]	Qin Z J, Wang H L, Zhang H Q, Ding Q, Huang X, Zhu J J, Ren R, Sun X L 2023 Trans. Inst. Meas. Cont. 45 674 Google Scholar
[25]	Hu F B, Cheng L N, Fan S Y, Xue X F, Liang Y, Lu M H, Wang W 2022 Sens. Actu. A. Phys. 333 113298 Google Scholar
[26]	Dryburgh P, Smith J R, Marrow P, Laine S, Sharples S, Clark M, Li W Q 2020 Ultrasonics 108 106171 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhang Q Z, Guo J Q, Qin P, Tang G B, Zhang B F, Hashimoto K, Han T, Li P, Wen Y M 2018 Ultrasonics 88 131 Google Scholar

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