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Multiferroic materials, which exhibit the coexistence of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, or ferroelastic orders, are of particular interest for not only fundamental physics but also potential applications. An important physical property of multiferroic materials, especially those with magnetically driven ferroelectricity, is known as a strong magnetoelectric coupling between the magnetic order and the ferroelectric order. The external magnetic fields can directly interact with spins or magnetic moments of the materials and lead the spontaneous ferroelectricity to be suppressed, and in some cases result in field-induced ferroelectricity in a higher field. Depending on the exchange interactions, these ferroelectric phase transitions may take place in a critical magnetic field as high as several tens of tesla. The standard electric-polarization measurement based on a commercial PPMS system is limited by the strength of the static field consequently. As an extremely experimental condition, pulsed magnetic fields can be used to reveal new physical phenomena in multiferroic materials. Due to the short pulse duration and the effect of eddy current, this measurement technique under pulsed high magnetic fields is still a challenge to date although a few laboratories have developed it in recent years. Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC) of China is a newly built pulsed-field laboratory. This experimental station is equipped with the many measuring instruments such as for measuring electric transport, magnetization, electron spin resonance, magneto-optics, and high pressure, which were established after the national assessment at the end of 2014. Recently, using a pyroelectric technique we successfully constructed an electric-polarization measurement system based on the large-scaled facility at the WHMFC. The nondestructive magnet driven by discharging a 1.25 MJ capacitor bank can generate a pulsed field up to 60 T. By tuning the charging energy and voltages, the pulse duration time can be modulated from 4.3 ms to 10.8 ms. A helium-3 cryogenic system equipped on this facility can achieve a lowest temperature down to 0.5 K. A high-precision rotation probe is designed and fabricated with angle varying from –5° to 185° for an angular-dependent study. The pyroelectric current is detected by a shunt resistor of 10 kΩ and the electric polarization is derived by integrating the pyroelectric current over the time. The resulting data have a good accuracy and quality which are helpful in detecting weak ferroelectric phase transitions induced by pulsed fields with a fast field sweep rate. In this paper, we introduce this measurement system in detail including the method, principle and its advantages in comparison with those in static fields. Recent study and progress of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials under high magnetic fields are also reported. [1] Schmid H 1994 Ferroelectrics 162 317
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Google Scholar
Liu Q Y, Wang J F, Zuo H K, Yang M, Han X T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 230701
Google Scholar
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[11] Chen R, Wang J F, Ouyang Z W, He Z Z, Wang S M, Lin L, Liu J M, Lu C L, Liu Y, Dong C, Liu C B, Xia Z C, Matsuo A, Kohama Y, Kindo K 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 184404
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[12] He Z Z, Yamaura J I, Ueda Y, Cheng W D 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 092404
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[13] Matsubara M, Manz S, Mochizuki M, Kubacka T, Iyama A, Aliouane N 2015 Science 348 1112
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[14] Abe N, Taniguchi K, Ohtani S, Takenobu T, Iwasa Y, Arima T 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 227206
Google Scholar
[15] Cabrera I, Kenzelmann M, Lawes G, Chen Y, Chen W C, Erwin R, Gentile T R, Leão J B, Lynn J W, Rogado N, Cava R J, Broholm C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 087201
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[16] Rogado N, Lawes G, Huse D A, Ramirez A P, Cava R J 2002 Solid State Commun. 124 229
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[17] Fina I, Fàbrega L, Martí X, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 257601
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[18] Akaki M, Iwamoto H, Kihara T, Tokunaga M, Kuwahara H 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 060413
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[19] Catalan G, Scott J F 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 2463
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[20] Tokunaga M, Akaki M, Ito T, Miyahara S, Miyake A, Kuwahara H, Furukawa N 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 5878
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图 1 脉冲强磁场电极化测量系统
Figure 1. Schematic drawing for pulsed-high-magnetic-field polarization measurement system.
图 2 磁体在不同电源模块下的磁场波形图(插图是通过改变放电电路产生的正负连续脉冲磁场)
Figure 2. Pulsed magnetic fields generated by different capaciter banks (Inset: A full pulse including both positive and negative pulsed magnetic fields).
图 3 (a)电极化测量电路图; (b)稳态和脉冲场下的电极化测量过程(折线部分表示该过程施加了电压)
Figure 3. (a) Circuit diagram of electric polarization measurement; (b) measurement paths in steady and pulsed magnetic fields (The sawtooth lines denote the measuring process with applying voltage).
图 4 (a)电极化测量样品杆示意图; (b)样品杆底端构造(左边为垂直杆, 右边为旋转杆)
Figure 4. (a) The sample probe for electric polarization measure-ment; (b) the bottom of the probe (Left: a standard design; right: a rotation probe).
图 5 多铁材料Co4Nb2O9的电极化测量结果 (a)原始实验数据; (b)数据处理结果
Figure 5. Electric polarization measurement of multiferroic Co4Nb2O9: (a) Raw data; (b) the resulting P(H) curve.
图 7 Ni3V2O8在不同偏置电压下的电极化反转及磁电记忆效应研究(首先, 施加+500 kV/m的电场, 测量1.6 K下的电极化强度; 接着, 施加–500 kV/m的电场, 进行两次连续的脉冲磁场电极化测量)
Figure 7. Study on polarization reversal and magnetoelectric memory effect of Ni3V2O8 in different voltages (First, an electric field of +500 kV/m is applied to measure the electric polarization at 1.6 K. Then, two successive pulsed fields are performed by applying an electric field of –500 kV/m).
图 8 Co2V2O7在强磁场下的转角电极化测量(磁场在bc面内旋转, 与c轴方向的夹角用θ代表)
Figure 8. Angle-dependent polarization measurements of Co2V2O7 in high magnetic fields (the magnetic field is rotated in the bc plane, and the angle between the magnetic field and the c-axis direction is represented by θ).
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[1] Schmid H 1994 Ferroelectrics 162 317
Google Scholar
[2] Scott J F 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 256
Google Scholar
[3] Fiebig M J 2005 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38 123
Google Scholar
[4] Schmid H 2008 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20 434201
Google Scholar
[5] Ouyang Z W, Sun Y C, Wang J F, Yue X Y, Chen R, Wang Z X, He Z Z, Xia Z C, Liu Y, Rao G H 2018 Phys. Rev. B 97 144406
Google Scholar
[6] Liu Y J, Wang J F, Sun X F, Zhou J S, Xia Z C, Ouyang Z W, Yang M, Liu C B, Chen R, Cheng J G, Kohama Y, Tokunaga M, Kindo K 2018 Phys. Rev. B 97 214419
Google Scholar
[7] Yin L, Ouyang Z W, Wang J F, Yue X Y, Chen R, He Z Z, Wang Z X, Xia Z C, Liu Y 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 134434
Google Scholar
[8] Zhang X X, Xia Z C, Ke Y J, Zhang X Q, Cheng Z H, Ouyang Z W, Wang J F, Huang S, Yang F, Song Y J, Xiao G L, Deng H, Jiang D Q 2019 Phys. Rev. B 100 054418
Google Scholar
[9] 刘沁莹, 王俊峰, 左华坤, 杨明, 韩小涛 2019 68 230701
Google Scholar
Liu Q Y, Wang J F, Zuo H K, Yang M, Han X T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 230701
Google Scholar
[10] Liu Y J, Wang J F, He Z Z, Lu C L, Xia Z C, Ouyang Z W, Liu, R. Chen C B, Matsuo A, Kohama Y, Kindo K, Tokunaga M 2018 Phys. Rev. B 97 174429
Google Scholar
[11] Chen R, Wang J F, Ouyang Z W, He Z Z, Wang S M, Lin L, Liu J M, Lu C L, Liu Y, Dong C, Liu C B, Xia Z C, Matsuo A, Kohama Y, Kindo K 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 184404
Google Scholar
[12] He Z Z, Yamaura J I, Ueda Y, Cheng W D 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 092404
Google Scholar
[13] Matsubara M, Manz S, Mochizuki M, Kubacka T, Iyama A, Aliouane N 2015 Science 348 1112
Google Scholar
[14] Abe N, Taniguchi K, Ohtani S, Takenobu T, Iwasa Y, Arima T 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 227206
Google Scholar
[15] Cabrera I, Kenzelmann M, Lawes G, Chen Y, Chen W C, Erwin R, Gentile T R, Leão J B, Lynn J W, Rogado N, Cava R J, Broholm C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 087201
Google Scholar
[16] Rogado N, Lawes G, Huse D A, Ramirez A P, Cava R J 2002 Solid State Commun. 124 229
Google Scholar
[17] Fina I, Fàbrega L, Martí X, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 257601
Google Scholar
[18] Akaki M, Iwamoto H, Kihara T, Tokunaga M, Kuwahara H 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 060413
Google Scholar
[19] Catalan G, Scott J F 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 2463
Google Scholar
[20] Tokunaga M, Akaki M, Ito T, Miyahara S, Miyake A, Kuwahara H, Furukawa N 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 5878
Google Scholar
[21] Chen R, Wang J F, Ouyang Z W, Tokunaga M, Luo A Y, Lin L, Liu J M, Xiao Y, Miyake A, Kohama Y, Lu C L, Yang M, Xia Z C, Kindo K, Li L 2019 Phys. Rev. B 100 140403
Google Scholar
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