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由于马约拉纳费米子具有反粒子是其自身的基本属性和在量子计算应用中具有拓扑保护的可能性，在超导异质系统中实现马约拉纳费米子（零模）的理论和实验研究已成为凝聚态物理研究的前沿热点。然而，近年来，该领域的一些实验观测数据引发了广泛的争议，多篇声称实现马约拉纳费米子的关键实验论文因此被撤回。鉴于当前研究现状，本文旨在系统梳理该领域关于实验数据的争议及存在的问题，并从基础理论的视角深入分析当前围绕马约拉纳费米子的实验数据所产生的争议。同时，本文将进一步探讨未来实现马约拉纳费米子的精确条件。具体而言，本文将先介绍马约拉纳费米子的基本概念，以及在超导异质系统中的实现，进一步介绍超导异质结中的实验进展，以及存在的理论和实验比对的问题。最后介绍我们发展的理论及其对未来实验方向的分析。
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关键词:
- 马约拉纳费米子（零模） /
- 超导异质系统 /
- 拓扑超导相
Majorana fermions, particles that are their own antiparticles, have attracted significant attention in condensed matter physics due to their exotic properties and potential applications in fault-tolerant topological quantum computing. While nanowire-superconductor hybrid systems and topological insulator-superconductor heterostructures, are considered the most promising platforms for realizing Majorana fermions, recent experimental progress has been overshadowed by controversies, including the retraction of several high-profile papers claiming their observation. These controversies fundamentally originate from experimental data being selectively presented to conform to oversimplified theoretical models. Conventional phenomenological approaches, which model Majorana fermions through simplified effective Hamiltonians, neglect crucial experimental complexities such as quasiparticle excitations in superconductors and the effects of strong proximity tunneling and high magnetic fields. Consequently, they fail to predict the correct parameter regimes for Majorana fermion emergence in realistic devices, leading to false-positive signals in experiments. To overcome these challenges, we develop a comprehensive "dressed Majorana" theory that treats both the electrons in nanowire and superconducting quasiparticle excitations on equal footing. Our results reveal stringent conditions necessary for realization of Majorana fermions: precise alignment of chemical potentials (within ~1 meV in a 1 eV tuning range) and careful control of tunneling strength and magnetic field strengths. These findings explain the persistent absence of definitive signatures in experiments and provide quantitative guidelines for future studies. Notably, for alternative platforms like quantum dot-based "poor mans Majorana" syst ems, our analysis shows that the obtained Majorana wavefunctions are localized at both ends of the superconductor, demonstrating the superconducting components essential role in these configurations. In summary, our work not only clarifies the current controversies surrounding detection of Majorana fermions but also establishes a robust theoretical foundation guiding future experimental efforts toward unambiguous Majorana fermion observation.-
Keywords:
- Majorana fermions (Zero modes) /
- Hybrid superconducting system /
- Topological superconducting phase
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