Methodology of improving sensitivity of silicon vacancy spin-based sensors based on double spiral coil RF resonance structure

Zhang Wen-Jie; Liu Yu-Song; Guo Hao; Han Xing-Cheng; Cai An-Jiang; Li Sheng-Kun; Zhao Peng-Fei; Liu Jun

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200765

Abstract

Due to the power instability and field non-uniformity of radio frequency (RF), microwave (MW) and laser signals, inhomogeneous broadening of spin magnetic resonance line causes the absorption to decrease in a nuclear resonance system, which can reduce the sensitivity of spin-based sensing and testing technology. In this paper, we propose and design a double solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure. The nearly uniform RF field density is produced by the two solenoid coil antenna structures that are parallel to the symmetry axis. The size of the uniformity in the center region of double solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure is about π×375 mm² × 10 mm. And the non-uniformity is less than 0.9%. Comparing with a single straight wire antenna and the single solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure, the uniformity is improved by about 56.889 times and 42.889 times, respectively. At the same time, based on the near-field mutual inductance coupled resonance effect, the intensities of RF field in the center region of the two-solenoid coil antenna structure is enhanced. Comparing with the single solenoid coil antenna structures, it is enhanced by about 1.587 times. And the equivalent sensitivity of the silicon vacancy color center spin based sensor is enhanced by about 4.833 times. In the experiment, an optical detection magnetic resonance measurement system based on the spin magnetic resonance effect of silicon vacancy color center in single crystal SiC is built. Comparing with the single straight wire antenna and the single solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure, the contrast of the silicon vacancy color center spin magnetic resonance signals of the double solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure increases about 6 times and 2.4 times, respectively. The sensitivity of the spin-based sensor is increased by 4.833 times and 2.071 times through using the modulation and demodulation method, and the noise decreases by 8 times and twice. Hence, based on this double solenoid coil RF resonance antenna structure, the sensitivity of the silicon vacancy spin sensor can be improved. Combined with chip manufacturing technology of SiC wafer, it proves to be a potential approach to developing the high precision, chip scale spin sensor devices and measurement technology.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2.
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710311, China
3.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Technology, Xi’an 710311, China

Corresponding author: Guo Hao, guohao@nuc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0503100), the China Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program (Grant No. BX20180276), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51805493, 51922009, 51727808, 51775522), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2018M641684), the Applied Basic Research Program in Shanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 201801D221202, 201901D111011(ZD), 201801D121164), the Key R&D Program in Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 201803D121067), the Key Laboratory Project Fund (Grant Nos. 6142001180410, 6142001180409), the Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 201905D121001), the Foundation for Young Academic Leaders of North University of China (Grant No. QX201901), and the Shanxi “1331Project”, China.

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a) DHCRA结构示意图, 红色部分为碳化硅样品, 黄色部分为天线, 绿色部分为碳化硅硅空位色心激发用的红光730 nm激光器, 色心发出的光为红外890—1000 nm; (b) DHCRA设计参数: 天线铜线线宽d = 0.4 mm, 天线铜线线间距w = 0.73 mm, 天线铜线厚度t = 0.035 mm, 双天线之间的距离s = 10 mm, 输入接口线宽d₁ = 0.67 mm, d₂ = 1.2 mm

Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of double helical coil resonant antenna, the red part is the silicon carbide sample, the yellow part is the antenna, the green part is the red light 730 nm laser used for the excitation of the vacancy color center of silicon carbide silicon, the light emitted by the color center is infrared 890−1000 nm; (b) spiral antenna design parameters: antenna copper wire width d = 0.4 mm, antenna copper wire spacing w = 0.73 mm, antenna copper wire thickness t = 0.035 mm, distance between dual antennas s = 10 mm, input interface line width d₁ = 0.67 mm, d₂ = 1.2 mm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a)本文设计的天线结构的X-Z平面磁场分布图; (b) DHCRA结构的S₁₁仿真结果与测试结果. 插图为DHCRA的实物照片

Figure 2. (a) Magnetic field distribution in the X-Z plane of our antenna structure; (b) simulation results and measurement results of the parameter S₁₁ of the DHCRA structure. The inset shows the physical photograph of DHCRA.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 70 MHz下X-Z平面的场强仿真分布图(图中的$\varepsilon $为非均匀度); (b) 70 MHz下的X-Y平面的场强仿真分布图; (c) 70 MHz下的均匀区(X = 14.86 mm)Z轴方向场强仿真曲线图; (d) 70 MHz下X轴方向的场强仿真曲线图

Figure 3. (a) Simulated distribution of the magnetic field in the X-Z plane at 70 MHz (In the figure $\varepsilon $is the non-uniformity); (b) simulated distribution of magnetic field in the X-Y plane at 70 MHz; (c) simulation curve of magnetic field in the X-axis direction at 70 MHz; (d) simulation curve of magnetic field in the Z-axis direction of the uniform zone (X = 14.68 mm) at 70 MHz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)未加入样品时X-Z平面磁场仿真分布图; (b)加入碳化硅样品后X-Z磁场仿真分布图

Figure 4. (a) Simulation distribution of X-Z plane magnetic field without adding samples; (b) X-Z magnetic field simulation distribution after adding silicon carbide sample.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a) SCA, SLA与DHCRA的三维结构示意图; (b)三种结构磁场强度仿真分析图与非均匀度参数示意图

Figure 5. (a) Three-dimensional structure diagram of SCA, SLA and DHCRA; (b) three kinds of structure magnetic field strength simulation analysis diagram and non-uniformity parameter diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)光学检测共振光路与频率调制系统; (b)三种结构的光学检测共振谱分布; (c) 70 MHz共振频率下三种结构的噪声波动图; (d) 三种结构的解调测试结果图

Figure 6. (a) Optical detection resonance light path and signal modulation system; (b) resonance spectrum distribution of three structures for optical detection; (c) noise fluctuation graphs of three structures at 70 MHz resonance frequency; (d) demodulation test results of three structures.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Seo H, Falk A L, Klimov P V, Miao K C, Galli G, Awschalom D D 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12935 Google Scholar
[2]	van der Heijden J, Kobayashi T, House M G, Salfi J, Barraud S, Lavieville R, Simmons M Y, Rogge S 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 aat9199 Google Scholar
[3]	Widmann M, Niethammer M, Fedyanin D Y, Khramtsov I A, Rendler T, Booker I D, Hassan J U, Morioka N, Chen Y C, Ivanov I G, Nguyen Tien S, Ohshima T, Bockstedte M, Gali A, Bonato C, Lee S Y, Wrachtrup J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 7173 Google Scholar
[4]	Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Li Y, Li K, Liu Z, Wang G, Gao W 2017 Phys. Rev. Appl. 7 064021 Google Scholar
[5]	Christle D J, Klimov P V, Casas C F d l, Szasz K, Ivady V, Jokubavicius V, Hassan J U, Syvajarvi M, Koehl W F, Ohshima T, Son N T, Janzen E, Gali A, Awschalom D D 2017 Phys. Rev. X 7 021046
[6]	Dubrovkin A M, Qiang B, Salim T, Nam D, Zheludev N I, Wang Q J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 1863 Google Scholar
[7]	Niethammer M, Widmann M, Rendler T, Morioka N, Chen Y C, Stoehr R, Ul Hassan J, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Lee S Y, Mukherjee A, Isoya J, Nguyen Tien S, Wrachtrup J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 5569 Google Scholar
[8]	Awschalom D D, Hanson R, Wrachtrup J, Zhou B B 2018 Nat. Photonics 12 516 Google Scholar
[9]	Dzurak A 2011 Nature 479 47 Google Scholar
[10]	Li Q, Wang J F, Yan F F, Cheng Z D, Liu Z H, Zhou K, Guo L P, Zhou X, Zhang W P, Wang X X, Huang W, Xu J S, Li C F, Guo G C 2019 Nanoscale 11 20554 Google Scholar
[11]	Kraus H, Simin D, Kasper C, Suda Y, Kawabata S, Kada W, Honda T, Hijikata Y, Ohshima T, Dyakonov V, Astakhov G V 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2865 Google Scholar
[12]	王磊, 郭浩, 陈宇雷, 伍大锦, 赵锐, 刘文耀, 李春明, 夏美晶, 赵彬彬, 朱强, 唐军, 刘俊 2018 67 047601 Google Scholar Wang L, Guo H, Chen Y L, Wu D J, Zhao R, Liu W Y, Li C M, Xia M J, Zhao B B, Zhu Q, Tang J, Liu J 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 047601 Google Scholar
[13]	Chen Y C, Salter P S, Niethammer M, Widmann M, Kaiser F, Nagy R, Morioka N, Babin C, Erlekampf J, Berwian P, Booth M J, Wrachtrup J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 2377 Google Scholar
[14]	Soltamov V A, Kasper C, Poshakinskiy A V, Anisimov A N, Mokhov E N, Sperlich A, Tarasenko S A, Baranov P G, Astakhov G V, Dyakonov V 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1678 Google Scholar
[15]	Scheuer J, Schwartz I, Mueller S, Chen Q, Dhand I, Plenio M B, Naydenov B, Jelezko F 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 174436 Google Scholar
[16]	Glenn D R, Bucher D B, Lee J, Lukin M D, Park H, Walsworth R L 2018 Nature 555 351 Google Scholar
[17]	Laucht A, Kalra R, Simmons S, Dehollain J P, Muhonen J T, Mohiyaddin F A, Freer S, Hudson F E, Itoh K M, Jamieson D N, McCallum J C, Dzurak A S, Morello A 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 61 Google Scholar
[18]	Whiteley S J, Wolfowicz G, Anderson C P, Bourassa A, Ma H, Ye M, Koolstra G, Satzinger K J, Holt M V, Heremans F J, Cleland A N, Schuster D I, Galli G, Awschalom D D 2019 Nat. Phys. 15 490 Google Scholar
[19]	Nagy R, Niethammer M, Widmann M, Chen Y C, Udvarhelyi P, Bonato C, Hassan J U, Karhu R, Ivanov I G, Son N T, Maze J R, Ohshima T, Soykal Ö O, Gali Á, Lee S Y, Kaiser F, Wrachtrup J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1954 Google Scholar
[20]	Riedel D, Fuchs F, Kraus H, Väth S, Sperlich A, Dyakonov V, Soltamova A A, Baranov P G, Ilyin V A, Astakhov G V 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 226402 Google Scholar
[21]	彭世杰, 刘颖, 马文超, 石发展, 杜江峰 2018 67 167601 Google Scholar Peng S J, Liu Y, Ma W C, Shi F Z, Du J F 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 167601 Google Scholar
[22]	Clevenson H, Trusheim M E, Teale C, Schroeder T, Braje D, Englund D 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 393 Google Scholar
[23]	Childress L, Dutt M V G, Taylor J M, Zibrov A S, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2006 Science 314 281 Google Scholar
[24]	Sasaki K, Monnai Y, Saijo S, Fujita R, Watanabe H, Ishi-Hayase J, Itoh K M, Abe E 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 053904 Google Scholar
[25]	Kim D J, Jo E S, Cho Y K, Hur J, Kim C K, Kim C H, Park B, Kim D, Choi Y K 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 14996 Google Scholar
[26]	Tang L, Kocabas S E, Latif S, Okyay A K, Ly Gagnon D S, Saraswat K C, Miller D A B 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 226 Google Scholar
[27]	Frank M, Thorsell M, Enoksson P 2018 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66 2141 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu C R, Guo Y X, Xiao S Q 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 6027 Google Scholar
[29]	Morlaas C, Souny B, Chabory A 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 4693 Google Scholar
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[31]	Blank A, Shapiro G, Fischer R, London P, Gershoni D 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 034102 Google Scholar
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[34]	Rugar D, Budakian R, Mamin H J, Chui B W 2004 Nature 430 329 Google Scholar
[35]	Payne A, Ambal K, Boehme C, Williams C C 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 195433 Google Scholar

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