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电离层偶发E层是指在距离地面高度80150 km之间，在风剪切作用下，电子密度急剧增加的不规则电离薄层，它会对量子卫星光信号的传输造成极大的影响.然而，有关电离层偶发E层与星地间量子通信信道参数关系的研究，迄今尚未展开.为了研究偶发E层对量子卫星通信性能的影响，首先分析了它的形成过程，得出自由电子密度随高度变化的关系；然后建立了自由电子密度、偶发E层的厚度对量子卫星链路衰减的模型；针对振幅阻尼信道，给出自由电子密度对信道容量、纠缠保真度、误码率和安全密钥产生率的定量关系.理论分析和仿真结果表明，当偶发E层的厚度为1 km、电子密度由3105 cm-1增加到27105 cm-1时，信道容量由0.8304衰减到0.1319，纠缠保真度由0.9386下降到0.3606，量子误码率由0.0093增加到0.0769，安全密钥产生率由9.96810-5减小到1.9110-6.由此可见，电子密度的大小和偶发E层的厚度对量子卫星通信性能有显著的影响.因此，在进行量子卫星通信时，应根据对电离层参数的探测情况，自适应调整卫星系统的各项指标，以确保量子通信的可靠性.Quantum communication is a brand new way of communicating, in which the quantum entanglement effect is used to transmit information. Quantum communication is a new interdisciplinary subject between quantum theory and information theory. It has advantages of perfect information security and higher efficiency in transmission. The successful launch of the first quantum satellite named Micius laid an important foundation forconstructing a secure quantum communication network on a global scale. On the other hand, in the process of quantum satellite communication, the atmospheric environment near the ground will have a certain influence on the transmission of quantum signals, so the security of quantum communication is reduced. One of the influence factors is the ionospheric sporadic E layer. In the actual quantum communication environment, when the weak coherent state light source is simulated the single photon, the source energy is attenuated if the quantum signal passes through the ionosphere. On a space scale of 80-150 km off the ground, the ionospheric sporadic E layer is an irregular thin layer, in which there occurs a sharp increase of electron density under the action of wind shear. Sporadic E layer has a great influence on quantum satellite signal transmission. However, the research about the relationship between the sporadic E layer and quantum communication channel parameters has not yet conducted. To investigate the influence of the ionospheric sporadic E layer on the performance of quantum satellite communication, sporadic E layer formation process is first analyzed. And then the relationship between the free electron density and the height is obtained. After that, the model of the free electron density, the formation thickness and the link attenuation of quantum satellite is established. According to the amplitude damping channel, the quantitative relationships among free electron density and the channel capacity, entanglement fidelity, the quantum bit error rate and the secure key rate are put forward and simulated finally. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that when the thickness is 1 km, the electron density increases from 3105 cm-1 to 27105 cm-1, the channel capacity decreases from 0.8304 to 0.1319, the entanglement fidelity decreases from 0.9386 to 0.3606, the quantum bit error rate increases from 0.0093 to 0.0769, and the secure key production rate decreases from 9.96810-5 to 1.9110-6. It can be shown that the electron density and the thickness of sporadic E layer have significant effect on the performance of quantum satellite communication. Therefore, in the process of quantum satellite communication, in order to ensure the reliability of quantum communication, based on the detection of ionosphere parameters, the various indexes of the satellite system should be adjusted adaptively.
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Keywords:
- quantum satellites communication /
- sporadic E /
- the free electron density /
- the amplitude damping channel
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[1] Bao X H, Reingruber A, Dietrich P, RuiJ, Dck A, Strassel T, Li L, Liu N L, Zhao B, Pan J W 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 517
[2] Wang J Y, Yang B, Liao S K, Zhang L, Shen Q, Hu X F, Wu J C, Yang S J, Jiang H, Tang Y L, Zhong B, Liang H, Liu W Y, Hu Y H, Huang Y M, Qi B, Ren J G, Pan G S, Yin J, Jia J J, Chen Y A, Chen K, Peng C Z, Pan J W 2013 Nat. Photon. 7 387
[3] Bruschi D E, Barlow T M, Razavi M, Beige A 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 22232
[4] Wang X L, Cai X D, Su Z E, Chen M C, Wu D, Li L, Liu N L, Lu C Y, Pan J W 2015 Nature 518 516
[5] Nie M, Shang P G, Yang G, Zhang M L, Pei C X 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 240303 (in Chinese)[聂敏, 尚鹏钢, 杨光, 张美玲, 裴昌幸2014 63 240303]
[6] Nie M, Ren J, Yang G, Zhang M L, Pei C X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 150301 (in Chinese)[聂敏, 任杰, 杨光, 张美玲, 裴昌幸2015 64 150301]
[7] Nie M, Ren J M, Yang G, Zhang M L, Pei C X 2016 Acta Photon. Sin. 45 0927004 (in Chinese)[聂敏, 任家明, 杨光, 张美玲, 裴昌幸2016光子学报45 0927004]
[8] Ippolito Jr L J (translated by Sun B S) 2012 Satellite Communications Systems Engineering (Beijing:National Defense Industry Press) pp91-100(in Chinese)[伊波利托著(孙宝升译) 2012卫星通信系统工程(北京:国防工业出版社)第91100页]
[9] Xu Z W 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi'an:Xidian University) (in Chinese)[许正文2005博士论文(西安:西安电子科技大学)]
[10] Pancheva D, Haldoupis C, Meek C E, Manson A H, Mitchell N J 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108SIA 9-1
[11] Bailey S M Barth C A Solomon S C 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 SIA 22-1
[12] Pietrella M, Pezzopane M, Bianchi C 2014 Adv. Space Res. 54 150
[13] Sun L F, Zhao B Q, Yue X A, Mao T 2014 Chin. J. Geophys. -CH 57 3625
[14] Maeda J, Heki K 2015 Earth, Planets and Space 64 1
[15] Williams B P, Berkey F T Sherman J, She C Y 2007 Annal. Geophys. 25 3
[16] Tan H 2000 Chin. J. Space Sci. 20 373 (in Chinese)[谭辉2000空间科学学报20 373]
[17] Matsushita S, Reddy C A 1967 J. Geophys. Res. 72 2903
[18] Xiong N L, Tang C C, Li X J 1999 Introduction to the Physics of the Ionosphere (Wuhan:Wuhan University Press) pp276-290(in Chinese)[熊年禄, 唐存琛, 李行健1999电离层物理概论(武汉:武汉大学出版社)第276290页]
[19] He L, Guo L, Li J 2014 Antenn. Propag. IEEE 52 724
[20] Zhao J Z 2014 Aeronomy (Vol.1)(rearrangement) (Beijing:Peking University Press) pp168-172(in Chinese)[赵九章2014高空大气物理学(上册) (重排本) (北京:北京大学出版社)第168172页]
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[24] Zhang D Y 2013 Quantum Logic Gates and Quantum Decoherence (Beijing:Science Press) pp90-110(in Chinese)[张登玉2013量子逻辑门与量子退相干(北京:科学出版社)第90110页]
[25] Zhang Y D 2010 Quantum Mechanics (Beijing:Science Press) pp343-347(in Chinese)[张永德2010量子力学(北京:科学出版社)第343347页]
[26] Zhang Y D 2005 Principles of Quantum Information Physics (Beijing:Science Press) pp125-151(in Chinese)[张永德2005量子信息物理原理(北京:科学出版社)第125151页]
[27] Li K 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)[李科2009博士论文(合肥:中国科技大学)]
[28] Nielsen A, Chuang I (translated by Zheng D Z, Zhao Q C) 2005 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Vol.2) (Beijing:Tsinghua University Press) pp64-71(in Chinese)[尼尔森, 庄著(郑大钟, 赵千川译) 2005量子计算和量子信息(二) (北京:清华大学出版社)第6471页]
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[30] Gu Y B, Bao W S, Wang Y, Zhou C 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 040301
[31] Wu J R 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)[吴建荣2011博士论文(合肥:中国科技大学)]
[32] Dong C, Zhao S H, Zhao W H, Shi L, Zhao G H 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 030302 (in Chinese)[东晨, 赵尚弘, 赵卫虎, 石磊, 赵顾颢2014 63 030302]
[33] Ma X F, Fung F C H, Razavi M 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 052305
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