铜氧化层上钒氧酞菁分子的吸附构型及组装结构

彭兰沁; 李小雨; 幸运; 赵涵; 邓炎滔; 于迎辉

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240043

摘要

近年来, 有机功能分子的调控因其在提高纳米光电器件内部载流子迁移率方面的突出贡献, 已逐渐成为材料科学的热门领域之一. 本文利用低温扫描隧道显微镜系统地研究了钒氧酞菁(VOPc)分子在干净Cu(110)和铜氧化层表面的吸附构型和组装结构. 在 Cu(110)表面, 初始时 VOPc分子孤立吸附且氧原子向上和向下的构型共存. 而在 CuO-(2×1)表面, VOPc 分子在初始时形成扩展的分子链, 随后组装为有序的分子膜, 在分子膜中两种吸附构型仍然共存且随机排布. 在Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)表面, 初始时 VOPc 分子的两种构型共存且形成无序结构. 在覆盖度接近一个单层时, 结构有序的组装分子膜逐渐形成, 此时主要采用氧原子向上的分子构型. 因偶极相互作用, 随后的分子层生长遵循两种分子构型交替堆垛. 研究还发现当Cu(110)表面上两种氧化结构共存时, 第2层分子更倾向于吸附在Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)表面担载的分子膜上, 主要是由分子层间的偶极相互作用导致的. 本研究表明金属表面的氧化层在改变分子吸附构型和组装结构方面的重要性, 可能将影响电子器件制造中分子膜中的电荷输运过程.

关键词:

Abstract

In recent years, regulating organic functional molecule has gradually received much attention in the field of materials due to its significant contribution in improving the charge carrier mobility of nanometer optoelectronic device. Molecular configuration and assembly structure of vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) are systemically investigated on pristine and oxidized Cu(110) surface by using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. In the initial deposition stage, two molecular adsorption configurations, referring to O-up and O-down, are randomly distributed on the pristine Cu(110) surface. By oxidizing Cu(110) at different oxygen atmospheres and substrate temperatures, two different copper oxide structures are obtained, i.e. CuO-(2×1) and Cu₅O₆-c(6×2). The VOPc molecules are then deposited on both surfaces via thermal evaporation. For the CuO-(2×1) surface, contrastly, extended molecular chains form in the initial adsorption and subsequently the VOPc molecules assemble into an ordered molecular film involving both configurations. The VOPc molecules shows two packing orientations with a rotation angle of about 36° relative to each other. On Cu₅O₆-c(6×2), the O-down and O-up molecules are isolatedly adsorbed at the initial coverage. As the coverage increases, molecular assembly film gradually forms a parallelogram-shaped unit cell that involves only the O-up molecules. The molecular film exhibits two distinct molecular orientations with a rotation angle of about 42° relative to each other. The dipole-dipole interaction drives the configuration transition from the O-up configuration to O-down configuration. The O-down VOPc molecules of the second layer tend to be adsorbed on the molecular membrane supported by the Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) surface. The dipole-dipole interaction between neighboring molecular layers may be responsible for the preferable adsorption of the second-layered molecules. This study suggests the importance of surface oxidization in modifying configurations and orbital distributions of adsorbed molecules that can affect the charge transport in molecular films during fabricating electronic devices.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

湖北大学物理学院, 武汉　430062

通信作者: 于迎辉, yhyu@hubu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 21872171)和湖北省自然科学基金(批准号: 2019CFB779)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Faculty of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China

Corresponding author: Yu Ying-Hui, yhyu@hubu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21872171) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 2019CFB779).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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[2]	Huang Y, Hsiang E L, Deng M Y, Wu S T 2020 Light Sci. Appl. 9 105 Google Scholar
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[4]	Lakshminarayana A N, Ong A, Chi C 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 3551 Google Scholar
[5]	Chase D T, Fix A G, Kang S J, Rose B D, Weber C D, Zhong Y, Zakharov L N, Lonergan M C, Nuckolls C, Haley M M 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 10349 Google Scholar
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[20]	Sun C, Ran X, Wang X, Cheng Z, Wu Q, Cai S, Gu L, Gan N, Shi H, An Z, Shi H, Huang W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 335 Google Scholar
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[22]	Paes L W C, Suarez J A, Márquez A M, Cruz A G B d, Sanz J F 2019 Theor. Chem. Acc. 138 88 Google Scholar
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[31]	Wang H, Song D, Yang J, Yu B, Geng Y, Yan D 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 253510 Google Scholar
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[34]	Eguchi K, Takagi Y, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 22843 Google Scholar
[35]	Adler H, Paszkiewicz M, Uihlein J, Polek M, Ovsyannikov R, Basova T V, Chassé T, Peisert H 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 8755 Google Scholar
[36]	Rochford L A, Ramadan A J, Woodruff D P, Heutz S, Jones T S 2015 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 29747 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang Y F, Kröger J, Berndt R, Vázquez H, Brandbyge M, Paulsson M 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 176802 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhang J, Wang Z, Niu T, Li Z, Chen W 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 113506 Google Scholar
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施引文献

图 1 (a) VOPc分子结构模型的侧视图和俯视图; (b) 在0.2 MLE 覆盖度下获得的STM形貌图 (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 0.5 V, I = 0.1 nA), 蓝色圆圈和红色圆圈分别标识出氧原子向上和氧原子向下两种分子构型

Fig. 1. (a) Side view and top view of the VOPc structural model; (b) STM topography obtained at 0.2 MLE coverage (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 0.5 V, I = 0.1 nA). Blue and red circles highlight the O-up and O-down configurations of absorbed VOPc molecules, respectively.

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图 2 (a) 衬底温度保持在520 K下制备的CuO-(2×1)氧化层的原子分辨STM图和其结构模型图 (4 nm × 4 nm, U = –0.5 V, I = –0.1 nA); (b) 衬底温度保持在700 K下制备的Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)氧化层的原子分辨STM和其结构模型图 (9 nm × 9 nm, U = 0.2 V, I = 0.2 nA). 灰色球和白色球代表铜原子, 紫色球代表氧原子. 两种不等价的氧原子分别用数字“1”和“2”标识

Fig. 2. (a) Atomic resolution STM image obtained on the CuO-(2×1) surface (4 nm × 4 nm, U = –0.5 V, I = –0.1 nA), the structural model of CuO-(2×1) is superimposed onto it; (b) atomic resolution STM image obtained on the Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) surface (9 nm × 9 nm, U = 0.2 V, I = 0.2 nA). The structural model of Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) is superimposed onto it. In the structural models, the gray and white balls represent the topmost and underlying copper atoms, respectively. The purple balls represent the oxygen atoms. Two unequal oxygen atoms are denoted by the numbers “1” and “2”.

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图 3 (a) 0.25 MLE VOPc分子沉积在CuO-(2×1)表面上后获得的STM形貌图 (64 nm × 64 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA), 右插图显示VOPc分子在氧化层表面上形成了分子链结构, 并不是VOPc分子沿着台面迁移 (29 nm × 29 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA), 左插图显示所有分子链沿Cu(110)表面的[100]方向排列 (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA); (b) 覆盖度增加到大约一个单层时获得的亚分子分辨的STM形貌图, 吸附的VOPc分子组装为具有$ {C}_{6} $对称性的有序膜, 相邻分子取向的夹角约为36° (10 nm × 10 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA); (c) 针尖顶端被分子碎片功能化后获得的STM形貌图 (13.7 nm × 13.7 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA); (d) 对应图(b)的可能组装模型图

Fig. 3. (a) STM image recorded on the CuO-(2×1) surface with the VOPc coverage of about 0.25 MLE (64 nm × 64 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA). The right inset shows that VOPc molecules form extended molecular chains instead of molecular diffusion on the terrace (29 nm × 29 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA). The left inset shows the zoomed STM image which reveals the molecular chains align along the [100] direction (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA). (b) STM topography obtained at the VOPc coverage of about 1.0 MLE. The angle between adjacent molecular orientations is about 36° (10 nm × 10 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA). (c) STM topography obtained by using a functionalized tip (13.7 nm × 13.7 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.1 nA). (d) The proposed assembly model of panel (b).

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图 4 (a) 0.2 MLE VOPc分子沉积在Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)表面后获得的原子分辨STM形貌图 (10 nm × 6 nm, U = 1.5 V, I = 0.2 nA); (b)图(a)对应的分子吸附结构模型图; (c) 当覆盖度约为0.6 MLE时获得的STM形貌图, 可见部分VOPc分子组装成了有序结构 (94 nm × 94 nm, U= 1.5 V, I = 0.2 nA); (d) 扫描区域缩小后的STM图像, 其中有序结构和无序结构用蓝色虚线分隔开, 氧原子向上构型用蓝色圆圈标识, 氧原子向下构型用红色和绿色圆圈标识 (17 nm × 17 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.2 nA)

Fig. 4. (a) Atomic resolution STM image recorded on the Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) surface with the VOPc coverage of about 0.2 MLE (10 nm × 6 nm, U = 1.5 V, I = 0.2 nA). (b) The possible adsorption model of VOPc corresponding to panel (a). (c) STM topography obtained at the 0.6 MLE coverage (94 nm × 94 nm, U = 1.5 V, I = 0.2 nA). (d) Zoomed STM image. Ordered and disordered structures are separated by the blue curve. The blue circles denote the O-up molecules. The red and green circles highlight the O-down molecules (17 nm × 17 nm, U = 1.0 V, I = 0.2 nA).

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图 5 (a) 0.9 MLE VOPc分子沉积在Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)表面后获得的STM形貌图 (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 2.5 V, I = 0.2 nA); (b) 当覆盖度约为一个单层时获得的具有亚分子分辨的STM图像 (6.4 nm × 6.4 nm, U = 0.5 V, I = 0.2 nA), 平行四边形单胞用蓝线表示, 相邻两分子取向的夹角约为42°; (c)图(b)对应的分子组装结构模型图, 结构单胞用橙色四边形表示

Fig. 5. (a) STM image recorded on the Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) surface with the VOPc coverage of about 0.9 MLE (24 nm × 24 nm, U = 2.5 V, I = 0.2 nA). (b) The submolecular resolution STM topography obtained at the coverage of about 1.0 MLE (6.4 nm × 6.4 nm, U = 0.5 V, I = 0.2 nA). The blue parallelogram indicates the unit cell of the molecular membrane. The angle between the orientations of two adjacent molecules is about 42° as denoted. (c) Proposed structure model of the VOPc assembly. The unit cell is indicated by an orange parallelogram.

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图 6 (a) 在Cu₅O₆-c(6×2)表面上沉积约0.2 MLE锑原子并吸附约1.1 MLE VOPc分子后获得的STM形貌图 (47 nm × 22 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA), 图中存在两种不同的组装结构; (b)扫描区域缩小后获得的STM图像 (26 nm × 24 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA), 两种不同的组装结构用绿色虚线分隔; (c) 在Cu₅O₆区域缩小扫描范围后获得的STM 形貌图 (15.6 nm × 15.6 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA)

Fig. 6. (a) STM image obtained on the Cu₅O₄-c(6×2) surface with about 0.2 MLE Sb deposition and followed 1.1 MLE VOPc adsorption (47 nm × 22 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA). (b) Zoomed STM image (26 nm × 24 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA). Two kinds of assembly structures are separated by a green curve. (c) Zoomed STM image obtained on the Cu₅O₆-c(6×2) region (15.6 nm × 15.6 nm, U = 2.0 V, I = 0.2 nA).

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map

[1]	Salehi A, Fu X, Shin D H, So F 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1808803 Google Scholar
[2]	Huang Y, Hsiang E L, Deng M Y, Wu S T 2020 Light Sci. Appl. 9 105 Google Scholar
[3]	Park J W, Shin D C, Park S H 2011 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 26 034002 Google Scholar
[4]	Lakshminarayana A N, Ong A, Chi C 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 3551 Google Scholar
[5]	Chase D T, Fix A G, Kang S J, Rose B D, Weber C D, Zhong Y, Zakharov L N, Lonergan M C, Nuckolls C, Haley M M 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 10349 Google Scholar
[6]	Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y 2022 J. Polym. Sci. 60 311 Google Scholar
[7]	Brabec C J, Distler A, Du X, Egelhaaf H J, Hauch J, Heumueller T, Li N 2020 Adv. Eng. Mater. 10 2001864 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang Z, Gao K, Kan Y, Zhang M, Qiu C, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Peng X, Feng W, Qian Z, Gu X, Jen A K Y, Tang B Z, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Liu F 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 332 Google Scholar
[9]	Gao K, Zhu Z, Xu B, Jo S B, Kan Y, Peng X, Jen A K Y 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1703980 Google Scholar
[10]	Hofmann O T, Zojer E, Hörmann L, Jeindl A, Maurer R J 2021 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23 8132 Google Scholar
[11]	Street R A 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3814 Google Scholar
[12]	Li P, Lu Z H 2021 Small Sci. 1 2000015 Google Scholar
[13]	Shen Q, Sun X, Chen X, Li R, Li X, Chen S 2023 Device 1 100061 Google Scholar
[14]	He D, Qiao J, Zhang L, Wang J, Lan T, Qian J, Li Y, Shi Y, Chai Y, Lan W, Ono L K, Qi Y, Xu J, Ji W, Wang X 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1701186 Google Scholar
[15]	Yang F, Cheng S, Zhang X, Ren X, Li R, Dong H, Hu W 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1702415 Google Scholar
[16]	Jin E, Geng K, Fu S, Yang S, Kanlayakan N, Addicoat M A, Kungwan N, Geurs J, Xu H, Bonn M, Wang H I, Smet J, Kowalczyk T, Jiang D 2021 Chem 7 3309 Google Scholar
[17]	Dou L, Wong A B, Yu Y, Lai M, Kornienko N, Eaton S W, Fu A, Bischak C G, Ma J, Ding T, Ginsberg N S, Wang L, Alivisatos A P , Yang P 2015 Sciences 349 1518 Google Scholar
[18]	Xiong P, Wu Y, Liu Y, Ma R, Sasaki T, Wang X, Zhu J 2020 Energy Environ. 13 4834 Google Scholar
[19]	Coppedè N, Bonnini E, Mezzadri F, Tarabella G, Ranzieri P, Barba L, Arrighetti G, Lutterotti L, Iannotta, S 2016 Org. Electron. 32 15 Google Scholar
[20]	Sun C, Ran X, Wang X, Cheng Z, Wu Q, Cai S, Gu L, Gan N, Shi H, An Z, Shi H, Huang W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 335 Google Scholar
[21]	Xie W, Wang X, Xu J 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 17580 Google Scholar
[22]	Paes L W C, Suarez J A, Márquez A M, Cruz A G B d, Sanz J F 2019 Theor. Chem. Acc. 138 88 Google Scholar
[23]	Kolotovska V, Friedrich M, Zahn D R T, Salvan G 2006 J. Cryst. 291 166 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhong Y, Huang M, Huang G, Lu S, Guo Q, Yu Y 2021 Vacuum 186 110036 Google Scholar
[25]	Lu S, Huang M, Qin Z, Yu Y, Guo Q, Cao G 2018 Nanotechnology 29 315301 Google Scholar
[26]	Mattioli G, Filippone F, Bonapasta A A 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 2757 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhang Q, Wang D, Xu J, Cao J, Sun J, Wang M 2003 Mater. Chem. Phys. 82 525 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhu H, Song H, Zhao W, Peng Z, Liu D, Di B, Xing L, Chen H, Huang Z C, Wang Y, Wu K 2019 J. Phys. Chem. C 23 17390 Google Scholar
[29]	Malavolti L, Briganti M, Hänze M, Serrano G, Cimatti I, McMurtrie G, Otero E, Ohresser P, Totti F, Mannini M, Sessoli R, Loth S 2018 Nano Lett. 18 7955 Google Scholar
[30]	Liu Y, Ma L, Shen C, Wang X, Zhou X, Zhao Z, Xu A 2019 Chin. J. Catal. 40 168 Google Scholar
[31]	Wang H, Song D, Yang J, Yu B, Geng Y, Yan D 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 253510 Google Scholar
[32]	Barlow D E, Hipps K W 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 5993 Google Scholar
[33]	Niu T, Zhang J, Chen W 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 4151 Google Scholar
[34]	Eguchi K, Takagi Y, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 22843 Google Scholar
[35]	Adler H, Paszkiewicz M, Uihlein J, Polek M, Ovsyannikov R, Basova T V, Chassé T, Peisert H 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 8755 Google Scholar
[36]	Rochford L A, Ramadan A J, Woodruff D P, Heutz S, Jones T S 2015 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 29747 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang Y F, Kröger J, Berndt R, Vázquez H, Brandbyge M, Paulsson M 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 176802 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhang J, Wang Z, Niu T, Li Z, Chen W 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 113506 Google Scholar
[39]	Niu T, Zhou M, Zhang J, Feng Y, Chen W 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 1013 Google Scholar
[40]	Guillemot L, Bobrov K 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 075409 Google Scholar
[41]	Fukagawa H, Hosoumi S, Yamane H, Kera S, Ueno N 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 085304 Google Scholar
[42]	Duan X, Warschkow O, Soon A, Delley B, Stampfl C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 075430 Google Scholar

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铜氧化层上钒氧酞菁分子的吸附构型及组装结构