基于电致伸缩效应的水中纳秒脉冲放电起始机制

李元; 李林波; 温嘉烨; 倪正全; 张冠军

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201048

摘要

水中纳秒脉冲放电的起始阶段包含了丰富的物理过程, 现有实验诊断技术在揭示数纳秒内液体中电荷输运、倍增过程方面还有不少困难, 放电起始的机制尚不明确. 本文建立了针板电极二维轴对称水中放电物理模型, 仿真研究纳秒脉冲导致的水中电致伸缩效应、空化过程和随后的液体电离过程. 结果表明, 在纳秒脉冲电压作用下, 电致伸缩效应可导致针尖附近数微米区域内的液体发生空化, 形成大量纳米尺度的空腔; 空腔在其表面电致伸缩压强的作用下膨胀, 为电子提供了加速空间; 高能电子可引发水分子的碰撞电离, 使局域液体被快速电离. 电致伸缩机制为理解水中纳秒脉冲放电的起始过程提供了新的视角.

关键词:

Abstract

Underwater nanosecond-pulsed discharges have been widely utilized in numerous industrial applications. The initial stage of nanosecond-pulsed discharge in water contains extremely abundant physical processes, however, it is still difficult to reveal the details of charge transportation and multiplicative process in liquid within several nanoseconds by currently existing experimental diagnostic techniques. Up to now, the initiation mechanism of underwater nanosecond discharge has been still a puzzle. In this paper, we develop a two-dimensional axially symmetric underwater discharge model of pin-to-plane, and numerically investigate the electrostriction process, cavitation process, and ionization process in water, induced by nanosecond-pulsed voltage. The negative pressure in water caused by tensile ponderomotive force is calculated. The creation of nanoscale cavities (so-called nanopores) in liquid due to negative pressure is modeled by classical nucleation theory with modified nucleation energy barrier. When estimating the temporal development of nanopore radius, a varying hydrostatic pressure is considered to restrain the unlimited expansion of nanopores. We estimate the electron generation rate by the product of the generation rate of incident electrons and the number density of nanopores. The simulation results show that cavitation occurs in liquid within several microns from pin electrode due to the electrostriction, which results in the formation of a large number of nanopores. The expansion of nanopore, caused by electrostrictive pressure on nanopore surface, provides a sufficient acceleration distance for electrons. The impact ionization of water molecules can be triggered by energetic electrons, leading the local liquid to be ionized rapidly. The effects of nanopores on rapid electron generation in water are discussed. Once nanopores are formed, the electrons can be generated in the following ways: 1) Field ionization of water molecules on the nanopore wall continuously provides seed electrons; 2) the seed electrons accelerated in nanopores enter into the liquid and collide with water molecules, resulting in the rapid increase of electrons. It can be inferred that the randomly scattered nanopores act as micro-sources of charges that contribute to the continuing ionization of liquid water in cavitation region near pin electrode. Electrostriction mechanism provides a new perspective for understanding the initiation of nanosecond-pulsed discharge in water.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

西安交通大学电气工程学院, 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室, 西安　710049

通信作者: 李元, liyuan8490@xjtu.edu.cn ; 张冠军, gjzhang@xjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51607139)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Corresponding author: Li Yuan, liyuan8490@xjtu.edu.cn ; Zhang Guan-Jun, gjzhang@xjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51607139)

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参考文献

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[33]	Pekker M, Shneider M N 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 424009 Google Scholar
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[35]	Davitt K, Arvengas A, Caupin F 2010 Europhys. Lett. 90 16002 Google Scholar
[36]	Babaeva N Y, Tereshonok D V, Naidis G V 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 355201 Google Scholar
[37]	Zener C, Fowler R H 1934 Proc. Trans. R. Soc. A 145 523 Google Scholar
[38]	Qian J, Joshi R P, Schamiloglu E, Gaudet J, Woodworth J R, Lehr J 2006 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 359 Google Scholar
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[42]	Hernandez J P 1991 Rev. Mod. Phys. 63 675 Google Scholar
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[44]	Seepersad Y, Pekker M, Shneider M N, Fridman A, Dobrynin D 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 355201 Google Scholar
[45]	Shneider M N, Pekker M 2013 Phys. Rev. E 87 043004 Google Scholar
[46]	Dobrynin D, Seepersad Y, Pekker M, Shneider M, Friedman G, Fridman A 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 105201 Google Scholar
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施引文献

图 1 水中纳秒放电起始阶段各物理过程的关系

Fig. 1. Correlations between the processes during the nanosecond discharge initiation in water.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 数值模拟流程

Fig. 2. Flow chart of simulation.

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图 3 脉冲电压施加后水的流速与压强分布　(a) t = 2 ns; (b) t = 3 ns

Fig. 3. Distribution of liquid velocity and pressures: (a) t = 2 ns; (b) t = 3 ns.

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图 4 脉冲电压施加后针板电极对称轴上压强分布　(a) t = 2 ns; (b) t = 3 ns

Fig. 4. Pressures along the symmetric axis since the start of pulsed voltage: (a) t = 2 ns; (b) t = 3 ns.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同时刻针板电极对称轴上空腔数密度分布

Fig. 5. Temporal evolution of number density of nanopores along the symmetric axis.

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图 6 不同时刻针板电极对称轴上空腔半径

Fig. 6. Temporal evolution of nanopore radii along the symmetric axis.

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图 7 针板电极对称轴上电子能量分布的时空演化

Fig. 7. Temporal evolution of electron energy along the symmetric axis.

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图 8 不同时刻水中电离过程　(a) 电子生成速率; (b) 电子数密度

Fig. 8. Temporal evolution of ionization process in water: (a) Electron generation rate; (b) electron density.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 空腔导致液体电离的机制

Fig. 9. Schematic of nanopore-induced liquid ionization.

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图 10 由水中电致伸缩和场致电离机制得到的电离速率 (t = 5 ns)

Fig. 10. Ionization rate induced by electrostriction and field ionization mechanisms (t = 5 ns).

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map

[1]	尤特金 1962 液电效应 (北京: 科学出版社) 第45−50页 Yutkin 1962 Electro-hydraulic Effect (Beijing: Science Press) pp45−50 (in Chinese)
[2]	Torres L, Yadav O P, Khan E 2016 Sci. Total Environ. 539 478 Google Scholar
[3]	刘毅, 李志远, 李显东, 林福昌, 潘垣 2016 电工技术学报 31 71 Google Scholar Liu Y, Li Z Y, Li X D, Lin F C, Pan Y 2016 Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society 31 71 Google Scholar
[4]	付荣耀, 孙鹞鸿, 刘坤, 高迎慧, 徐旭哲, 严萍 2018 强激光与粒子束 30 131 Google Scholar Fu R Y, Sun Y H, Liu K, Gao Y H, Xu X Z, Yan P 2018 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 30 131 Google Scholar
[5]	Bluhm H, Frey W, Giese H, Hoppe P, Schultheiss C, Strassner R 2000 IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 7 625 Google Scholar
[6]	卢新培, 潘垣, 张寒虹 2002 51 1768 Google Scholar Lu X P, Pan Y, Zhang H H 2002 Acta Phys. Sin. 51 1768 Google Scholar
[7]	程虎, 叶齐政, 覃世勋, 李劲 2007 高电压技术 2 150 Google Scholar Cheng H, Ye Q Z, Qin S X, Li J 2007 High Voltage Engineering 2 150 Google Scholar
[8]	陈银生, 张新胜, 常胜, 戴迎春, 袁渭康 2005 环境科学学报 25 113 Google Scholar Chen Y S, Zhang X S, Chang S, Dai Y C, Yuan W K 2005 Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 25 113 Google Scholar
[9]	曹颖, 姜楠, 段丽娟, 郭贺, 任景俞, 王璞, 周集体, 李杰, 吴彦 2018 环境工程学报 12 956 Google Scholar Cao Y, Jiang N, Duan L J, Guo H, Ren J Y, Wang P, Zhou J T, Li J, Wu Y 2018 Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering 12 956 Google Scholar
[10]	张梦瑶, 温嘉烨, 李元, 宋佰鹏, 张冠军 2019 高电压技术 45 4130 Google Scholar Zhang M Y, Wen J Y, Li Y, Song B P, Zhang G J 2019 High Voltage Engineering 45 4130 Google Scholar
[11]	Sato M, Ohgiyama T, Clements J S 1996 IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 32 106 Google Scholar
[12]	李显东 2018 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学) Li X D 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[13]	Fujita H, Kanazawa S, Ohtani K, Komiya A, Kaneko T, Sato T 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 213301 Google Scholar
[14]	Jones H M, Kunhardt E E 1995 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 178 Google Scholar
[15]	李显东, 刘毅, 周古月, 刘思维, 李志远, 林福昌, 潘垣 2018 中国电机工程学报 38 1562 Google Scholar Li X D, Liu Y, Zhou G Y, Liu S W, Li Z Y, Lin F C, Pan Y 2018 Proceeding of the CSEE 38 1562 Google Scholar
[16]	童得恩, 朱鑫磊, 邹晓兵, 王新新 2019 高电压技术 45 1461 Google Scholar Dong D E, Zhu X L, Zou X B, Wang X X 2019 High Voltage Engineering 45 1461 Google Scholar
[17]	Marinov I, Starikovskaia S, Rousseau A 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 224017 Google Scholar
[18]	Šimek M, Hoffer P, Tungli J, Prukner V, Schmidt J, Bílek P, Bonaventura Z 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 Google Scholar
[19]	Shneider M, Pekker M, Fridman A 2012 IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 19 1579 Google Scholar
[20]	Shneider M N, Pekker M 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 214906 Google Scholar
[21]	Pekker M, Seepersad Y, Shneider M N, Fridman A, Dobrynin D 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 025502 Google Scholar
[22]	Starikovskiy A 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 012001 Google Scholar
[23]	Pekker M, Shneider M N 2017 Fluid Dyn. Res. 49 035503 Google Scholar
[24]	涂婧怡, 陈赦, 汪沨 2019 68 095202 Google Scholar Tu J Y, Chen S, Wang F 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 095202 Google Scholar
[25]	章程, 邵涛, 龙凯华, 王珏, 张东东, 严萍 2010 强激光与粒子束 22 479 Google Scholar Zhang C, Shao T, Long K H, Wang Y, Zhang D D, Yan P 2010 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 22 479 Google Scholar
[26]	周中升, 章程, 邵涛, 杨文晋, 方志, 张东东 2014 高电压技术 40 3290 Google Scholar Zhou Z S, Zhang C, Shao T, Yang W J, Fang Z, Zhang D D 2014 High Voltage Engineering 40 3290 Google Scholar
[27]	Li Y, Li L, Wen J, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhang G J 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 075005 Google Scholar
[28]	Li Y H 1967 J. Geophys. Res. 72 2665 Google Scholar
[29]	Fisher J C 1948 J. Appl. Phys. 19 1062 Google Scholar
[30]	Caupin F, Arvengas A, Davitt K, Azouzi M E M, Shmulovich K, Ramboz C, Sessoms D, Stroock A D 2012 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24 284110 Google Scholar
[31]	Shneider M N, Pekker M 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 117 224902 Google Scholar
[32]	Delale C F, Hruby J, Marsik F 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 118 792 Google Scholar
[33]	Pekker M, Shneider M N 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 424009 Google Scholar
[34]	Grosse K, Held J, Kai M, von Keudell A 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 28 085003 Google Scholar
[35]	Davitt K, Arvengas A, Caupin F 2010 Europhys. Lett. 90 16002 Google Scholar
[36]	Babaeva N Y, Tereshonok D V, Naidis G V 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 355201 Google Scholar
[37]	Zener C, Fowler R H 1934 Proc. Trans. R. Soc. A 145 523 Google Scholar
[38]	Qian J, Joshi R P, Schamiloglu E, Gaudet J, Woodworth J R, Lehr J 2006 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 359 Google Scholar
[39]	Bordage M C, Bordes J, Edel S, Terrissol M, Franceries X, Bardiès M, Lampe N, Incerti S 2016 Phys. Med. 32 1833 Google Scholar
[40]	王琪, 王萌, 王珏, 严萍 2020 强激光与粒子束 32 63 Google Scholar Wang Q, Wang M, Wang Y, Yan P 2020 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 32 63 Google Scholar
[41]	Pontiga F, Castellanos A 1996 IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 3 792 Google Scholar
[42]	Hernandez J P 1991 Rev. Mod. Phys. 63 675 Google Scholar
[43]	Barnett R N, Landman U, Nitzan A 1990 J. Chem. Phys. 93 8187 Google Scholar
[44]	Seepersad Y, Pekker M, Shneider M N, Fridman A, Dobrynin D 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 355201 Google Scholar
[45]	Shneider M N, Pekker M 2013 Phys. Rev. E 87 043004 Google Scholar
[46]	Dobrynin D, Seepersad Y, Pekker M, Shneider M, Friedman G, Fridman A 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 105201 Google Scholar
[47]	Meesungnoen J, Jay Gerin J P, Filali Mouhim A, Mankhetkorn S 2002 Radiat. Res. 158 657 Google Scholar
[48]	Qian J, Joshi R P, Kolb J, Schoenbach K H, Dickens J, Neuber A, Butcher M, Cevallos M, Krompholz H, Schamiloglu E, Gaudet J 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 113304 Google Scholar
[49]	Seepersad Y, Fridman A, Dobrynin D 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 424012 Google Scholar
[50]	李元, 穆海宝, 邓军波, 张冠军, 王曙鸿 2013 62 124703 Google Scholar Li Y, Mu H B, Den J B, Zhang G J, Wang S H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 124703 Google Scholar
[51]	Aghdam A C, Farouk T 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 025011 Google Scholar

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基于电致伸缩效应的水中纳秒脉冲放电起始机制