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利用外加声场促进悬浮在气相中的细颗粒发生相互作用, 进而引起颗粒的碰撞和凝并, 使得颗粒平均粒径增大、数目浓度降低, 是控制细颗粒排放的重要技术途径. 为探究驻波声场中单分散细颗粒的相互作用, 建立包含曳力、重力、声尾流效应的颗粒相互作用模型, 采用四阶经典龙格-库塔算法和二阶隐式亚当斯插值算法对模型进行求解. 将数值模拟得到的颗粒声波夹带速度和相互作用过程与相应的解析解和实验结果进行对比, 验证模型的准确性. 进而研究颗粒初始条件和直径对相互作用特性的影响. 结果表明, 初始时刻颗粒中心连线越接近声波波动方向、颗粒位置越接近波腹点, 颗粒间的声尾流效应就越强, 颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间就越短. 研究还发现, 颗粒直径对颗粒相互作用的影响取决于初始时刻颗粒中心连线偏离声波波动方向的程度. 当偏离较小时, 颗粒直径越大, 颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间越短; 当偏离很大时, 直径较小的颗粒能够发生碰撞, 而直径较大的颗粒则无法发生碰撞.The external acoustic field can be used to promote the interactions between fine particles suspended in the gas phase. Due to the particle interaction, collision and agglomeration between fine particles occur, causing the average particle size to increase and the particle number concentration to decrease. This offers an important technical route to controlling the emissions of fine particles. However, the interaction behaviors between the fine particles under the acoustic field are still not well understood, which severely hinders the technology from developing for fine particle emission control by using acoustic agglomeration. In order to reveal the interaction between monodisperse fine particles in a standing wave acoustic field, a particle interaction model with consideration of the drag force, gravity and acoustic wake effect is developed. The particle motion equations in the model are solved by using the classical Runge-Kutta method combined with the second-order implicit Adams interpolation method. The particle velocity due to acoustic entrainment and the interaction process between particles obtained from the numerical simulation are compared with the corresponding analytical solutions and experimental results to validate the accuracy of model prediction. Good agreement is found, which indicates that the model and the numerical method are capable of accurately predicting the interaction between fine particles in the standing wave acoustic field. On this basis, the effects of initial conditions and diameters of particles on the interaction behaviors are explored. The results show that when the initial particle centerline is closer to the acoustic wave direction or the initial particle position is closer to the wave antinode, the acoustic wake effect between the particles becomes stronger, and shorter time is required for particles to collide. It is also found that the influence of particle diameter on particle interaction depends on the initial deviation of particle centerline from the acoustic wave direction. When the deviation is small, the larger the particle diameter, the shorter the time required for particles to collide is. When the deviation is large, the collision between particles with smaller diameters occurs, while the collision between particles with larger diameters may not occur.
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Keywords:
- fine particles /
- particle interaction /
- standing wave /
- acoustic field
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图 1 声场中相互作用颗粒的位置示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic of positions of the interacting particles in the acoustic field.
图 2 颗粒声波夹带速度数值解与解析解的对比 (a) dp = 0.5 μm; (b) dp = 5 μm
Fig. 2. Comparison between numerical and analytical solutions of particle velocities due to acoustic entrainment: (a) dp = 0.5 μm; (b) dp = 5 μm.
图 3 颗粒相互作用过程数值模拟与实验结果的对比(内插图为碰撞前6T内颗粒的运动轨迹) (a) f = 5000 Hz; (b) f = 900 Hz
Fig. 3. Comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental observations of particle interaction process (inset shows the particle trajectories during 6T before collision): (a) f = 5000 Hz; (b) f = 900 Hz.
图 4 初始夹角对颗粒相互作用特性的影响 (a)颗粒相互作用趋势, 内插图为
$\theta _{12}^0$ = 40°时颗粒的运动轨迹; (b)碰撞时间Fig. 4. Influence of initial orientation angle on particle interaction: (a) Trend of particle interaction, inset shows particle trajectories at
$\theta _{12}^0$ = 40°; (b) time required for the particles to achieve collision.
图 5 初始位置对颗粒相互作用特性的影响 (a)颗粒相互作用趋势, 内插图为
$x_1^0$ = 0.375λ时颗粒的运动轨迹; (b)碰撞时间Fig. 5. Influence of initial particle position (
$x_1^0$ ) on particle interaction: (a) Trend of particle interaction, inset shows particle trajectories at$x_1^0$ = 0.375λ; (b) time required for the particles to achieve collision.
图 6 颗粒直径对颗粒相互作用特性的影响 (a)颗粒相互作用趋势, 内插图为直径为1 μm时颗粒的运动轨迹; (b)碰撞时间
Fig. 6. Influence of particle diameter on particle interaction: (a) Trend of particle interaction, inset shows particle trajectories at diameters of 1 μm; (b) time required for the particles to achieve collision.
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[1] Lu M S, Fang M X, He M C, Liu S X, Luo Z Y 2019 RSC Adv. 9 5224
Google Scholar
[2] Shen G Q, Huang X Y, He C L, Zhang S P, An L S 2018 Powder Technol. 325 145
Google Scholar
[3] Fan F X, Zhang M J, Peng Z B, Chen J, Su M X, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E 2017 Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 17 1073
Google Scholar
[4] Parimanan C, Sattawat C, Pattanaporn L 2018 Powder Technol. 340 243
Google Scholar
[5] Herrera C A, Levy E K, Ochs J 2002 AIChE J. 48 503
Google Scholar
[6] Francisco J T, Sebastian E, Dirk M, Jurg D, Kai K 2013 Ultrason. Sonochem. 20 655
Google Scholar
[7] Kooij S, Astefanei A, Corthals G L, Bonn D 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 6128
Google Scholar
[8] An Z S, Huang R J, Zhang R Y, Tie X X, Li G H, Cao J J, Zhou W J, Shi Z G, Han Y M, Gu Z L, Ji Y M 2019 PNAS 116 8657
Google Scholar
[9] Jiang X D, Xu H, Wang X 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 125201
Google Scholar
[10] Fan F X, Zhang S H, Wang W Y Yan J P, Su M X 2019 Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 125 197
Google Scholar
[11] Fan F X, Zhang S H, Peng Z B, Chen J, Su M X, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E 2019 Can. J. Chem. Eng. 97 930
Google Scholar
[12] Amiri M, Sadighzadeh A, Falamaki C 2016 Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16 3012
Google Scholar
[13] Qiao Z H, Dong W, Huang Y J, Naso V 2018 J. Environ. Sci. 67 161
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang G X, Zhou T T, Zhang L L, Wang J Q, Chi Z H, Hu E 2018 Chem. Eng. J. 334 891
Google Scholar
[15] González I, Gallego J A, Riera E 2003 J. Aerosol Sci. 34 1611
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang G X, Liu J Z, Wang J, Zhou J H, Cen K F 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 2404
Google Scholar
[17] Fan F X, Yang X F, Kim C N 2013 J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 27 1707
Google Scholar
[18] Maknickas A, Markauska D, Kačianauskas R 2016 Part. Sci. Technol. 34 453
Google Scholar
[19] Fan F X, Xu X, Zhang S H, Su M X 2019 Aerosol Sci. Technol. 53 1204
Google Scholar
[20] Li S Q, Marshall J S, Liu G Q, Yao Q 2011 Prog. Energ. Combust. 37 633
Google Scholar
[21] Crowe C T, Schwarzkopf J D, Scommerfeld M, Tsuij Y 2012 Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles (2nd Ed.) (New York: CRC Press) pp67−72
[22] González I, Elvira L, Hoffmann T L, Gallego J A 2001 Acta Acust. Acust. 87 454
[23] González I, Hoffmann T L, Gallego J A 2000 Acta Acust. Acust. 86 784
[24] Li S Q, Marshall J S 2007 J. Aerosol Sci. 38 1031
Google Scholar
[25] Zhang G X, Zhang L L, Wang J Q, Chi Z H, Hu E 2018 Powder Technol. 323 393
Google Scholar
[26] Yan J P, Chen L Q, Yang L J 2016 Chem. Eng. J. 290 319
Google Scholar
[27] Zhang G X, Ma Z F, Shen J, Zhang K, Wang J Q, Chi Z H 2020 J. Hazard. Mater. 382 121089
Google Scholar
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