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Magnetic reconnection (MR) is a universal physical process in plasma, in which the stored magnetic energy is converted into high-velocity flows and energetic particles. It is believed that MR plays an important role in many plasma phenomena such as solar fare, gamma-ray burst, fusion plasma instabilities, etc.. The process of MR has been studied in detail by dedicated magnetic-driven experiments. Here, we report the measurements of magnetic reconnection driven by Shenguang II lasers and Gekko XVII lasers. A collimated plasma jet is observed along the direction perpendicular to the reconnection plane with the optical probing. The present jet is very different from traditional magnetic reconnection outflows as known in the two-dimensional reconnection plane. In our experiment, by changing the delay of optical probing beam, we measure the temporal evolution of jet from 0.5 ns to 2.5 ns and its velocity around 400 km/s is deduced. Highcollimated jet is also confirmed by its strong X-ray radiation recorded by an X-ray pinhole camera. With the help of optical interferograms we calculate the jet configuration and its density distribution by using Abel inverting technique. A magnetic spectrometer with an energy range from hundred eV up to one MeV is installed in front of the jet, in the direction perpendicular to the reconnection plane, to measure the accelerated electrons. Two cases are considered for checking the acceleration of electrons. The results show that more accelerated electrons can be found in the reconnection case than in the case without reconnection. We propose that the formation and collimation of the plasma jet, and the electron energy spectrum may be possible directly influenced by the reconnection electric field, which is very important for understanding the energy conversion in the process of MR and establishment of the theoretical model. Finally the electron energy spectra of three different materials Al, Ta and Au are also shown in our work. The results indicate that the higher atomic number material can obtain a better signal-noise ratio, which provides some helpful references for our future work.
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Keywords:
- magnetic reconnection /
- electron acceleration
[1] Yamada M, Kulsrud R, Ji H T 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 603
[2] Zhong J Y, Li Y T, Wang X G, Wang J Q, Dong Q L, Xiao C J, Wang S J, Liu X, Zhang L, An L, Wang F L, Zhu J Q, Gu Y, He X T, Zhao G, Zhang J 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 984
[3] Yamada M 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 058102
[4] Parker E N 1957 J. Geophys. Res. 62 509
[5] Sitnov M I, Sharma A S, Papadopoulos K, Vassiliadis D 2001 Phys. Rev. E 65 016116
[6] Nishizuka N, Hayashi Y, Tanabe H, Kuwahata A, Kaminou Y, Ono Y, Inomoto M, Shimizu T 2012 Astrophys. J. 756 152
[7] Jing J, Yurchyshyn Vasyl B, Yang G, Xu Y, Wang H M 2004 Astrophys. J. 614 1054
[8] Lin R P, Krucker S, Hurford G J, Smith D M, Hudson H S, Holman G D, Schwartz R A, Dennis B R, Share G H, Murphy R J, Emslie A G, Johns-Krull C, Vilmer N 2003 Astrophys. J. 595 L69
[9] Yamada M, Yoo J, Jara-Almonte J, Ji H T, Kulsrud R M, Myers C E 2014 Nat. Comm. 5 4774
[10] Xia J F, Zhang J 2001 Physics 30 210 (in Chinese) [夏江帆, 张杰 2001 物理 30 210]
[11] Begelman M C, Blandford R D, Rees M J 1984 Rev. Mod. Phys. 56 255
[12] Remington B A, Drake R P, Ryutov D D 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 755
[13] Xia J F, Zhang J 2001 Physics 30 545 (in Chinese) [夏江帆, 张杰 2001 物理 30 545]
[14] Haines M G 1986 Can. J. Phys. 64 912
[15] Stamper J A, Papadopoulos K, Sudan R N, Dean S O, McLean E A, Dawson M J 1971 Phys. Rev. Lett. 26 1012
[16] Haines M G 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 254
[17] Li C K, Se'guin F H, Frenje J A, Rygg J R, Petrasso R D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 135003
[18] Nilson P M, Willingale L, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Minardi S, Wei M S, Fernandes P, Notley M, Bandyopadhyay S, Sherlock M, Kingham R J, Tatarakis M, Najmudin Z, Rozmus W, Evans R G, Haines M G, Dangor A E, Krushelnick K 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 092701
[19] Nilson P M, Willingale L, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Minardi S, Wei M S, Fernandes P, Notley M, Bandyopadhyay S, Sherlock M, Kingham R J, Tatarakis M, Najmudin Z, Rozmus W, Evans R G, Haines M G, Dangor A E, Krushelnick K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 255001
[20] Pei X X, Zhong J Y, Zhang K, Zheng W D, Liang G Y, Wang F L, Li Y T, Zhao G 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 145201 (in Chinese) [裴晓星, 仲佳勇, 张凯, 郑无敌, 梁贵云, 王菲鹿, 李玉同, 赵刚 2014 63 145201]
[21] Hipp M, Woisetschlager J, Reiterer P, Neger T 2004 Measurement 36 53
[22] Cai D F, Gu Y Q, Zheng Z J, Zhou W M, Jiao C Y, Wen T S, Chunyu S T 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 346 (in Chinese) [蔡达峰, 谷渝秋, 郑志坚, 周维民, 焦春晔, 温天舒, 淳于书泰 2007 56 346]
[23] Cai D F, Gu Y Q, Zheng Z J, Yang X D, Wen T S, Chunyu S T 2003 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 15 575 (in Chinese) [蔡达峰, 谷渝秋, 郑志坚, 杨向东, 温天舒, 淳于书泰 2003 强激光与粒子束 15 575]
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[1] Yamada M, Kulsrud R, Ji H T 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 603
[2] Zhong J Y, Li Y T, Wang X G, Wang J Q, Dong Q L, Xiao C J, Wang S J, Liu X, Zhang L, An L, Wang F L, Zhu J Q, Gu Y, He X T, Zhao G, Zhang J 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 984
[3] Yamada M 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 058102
[4] Parker E N 1957 J. Geophys. Res. 62 509
[5] Sitnov M I, Sharma A S, Papadopoulos K, Vassiliadis D 2001 Phys. Rev. E 65 016116
[6] Nishizuka N, Hayashi Y, Tanabe H, Kuwahata A, Kaminou Y, Ono Y, Inomoto M, Shimizu T 2012 Astrophys. J. 756 152
[7] Jing J, Yurchyshyn Vasyl B, Yang G, Xu Y, Wang H M 2004 Astrophys. J. 614 1054
[8] Lin R P, Krucker S, Hurford G J, Smith D M, Hudson H S, Holman G D, Schwartz R A, Dennis B R, Share G H, Murphy R J, Emslie A G, Johns-Krull C, Vilmer N 2003 Astrophys. J. 595 L69
[9] Yamada M, Yoo J, Jara-Almonte J, Ji H T, Kulsrud R M, Myers C E 2014 Nat. Comm. 5 4774
[10] Xia J F, Zhang J 2001 Physics 30 210 (in Chinese) [夏江帆, 张杰 2001 物理 30 210]
[11] Begelman M C, Blandford R D, Rees M J 1984 Rev. Mod. Phys. 56 255
[12] Remington B A, Drake R P, Ryutov D D 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 755
[13] Xia J F, Zhang J 2001 Physics 30 545 (in Chinese) [夏江帆, 张杰 2001 物理 30 545]
[14] Haines M G 1986 Can. J. Phys. 64 912
[15] Stamper J A, Papadopoulos K, Sudan R N, Dean S O, McLean E A, Dawson M J 1971 Phys. Rev. Lett. 26 1012
[16] Haines M G 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 254
[17] Li C K, Se'guin F H, Frenje J A, Rygg J R, Petrasso R D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 135003
[18] Nilson P M, Willingale L, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Minardi S, Wei M S, Fernandes P, Notley M, Bandyopadhyay S, Sherlock M, Kingham R J, Tatarakis M, Najmudin Z, Rozmus W, Evans R G, Haines M G, Dangor A E, Krushelnick K 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 092701
[19] Nilson P M, Willingale L, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Minardi S, Wei M S, Fernandes P, Notley M, Bandyopadhyay S, Sherlock M, Kingham R J, Tatarakis M, Najmudin Z, Rozmus W, Evans R G, Haines M G, Dangor A E, Krushelnick K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 255001
[20] Pei X X, Zhong J Y, Zhang K, Zheng W D, Liang G Y, Wang F L, Li Y T, Zhao G 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 145201 (in Chinese) [裴晓星, 仲佳勇, 张凯, 郑无敌, 梁贵云, 王菲鹿, 李玉同, 赵刚 2014 63 145201]
[21] Hipp M, Woisetschlager J, Reiterer P, Neger T 2004 Measurement 36 53
[22] Cai D F, Gu Y Q, Zheng Z J, Zhou W M, Jiao C Y, Wen T S, Chunyu S T 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 346 (in Chinese) [蔡达峰, 谷渝秋, 郑志坚, 周维民, 焦春晔, 温天舒, 淳于书泰 2007 56 346]
[23] Cai D F, Gu Y Q, Zheng Z J, Yang X D, Wen T S, Chunyu S T 2003 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 15 575 (in Chinese) [蔡达峰, 谷渝秋, 郑志坚, 杨向东, 温天舒, 淳于书泰 2003 强激光与粒子束 15 575]
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