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Characteristics of six M-components with peak currents of kilo amperes are analyzed by using the data from the artificially triggering lightning experiment in Shandong 2009, including the current at the base of the discharge channel, the surface electric field change at 30 m from the channel, and the high-speed camera records. The M-component is associated with the abrupt enhancement of channel luminosity with a duration of less than 1ms. Both the current and electric field are characteristic of relatively symmetric waveforms with a rise time of several tens of microseconds. The simultaneous records show that the electric field starts to change and reaches its peak earlier than the channel base current. Because of the obvious continuing current flowing in the channel, the conductivity of the discharge channel prior to the M-component is better than that prior to the leader-return strokes. The channel condition before the occurrence of the M-component is crucial to current amplitude and rise time. According to the waveforms of current and electric field recorded simultaneously, it is inferred that the M-component evolves from up to down and the evolvement continues after contacting the ground, and then an upward reflected process is induced. Further analysis shows that the interaction between these two processes is likely to be changed with altitude.
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Keywords:
- lightning /
- M-component /
- leader-return stroke /
- discharge current
[1] Wang D, Takagi N, Watanable T, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 14369
[2] Yang J, Qie X S, Wang J G, Zhao Y, Zhang Q L, Yuan T, Zhou Y J, Feng G L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1968(in Chinese)[杨 静、郄秀书、王建国、赵 阳、张其林、袁 铁、周筠珺、冯桂力 2008 57 1968]
[3] Zhang Q L, Qie X S, Wang Z H, Zhang T L, Yang J 2009 Radio Science 44 RS1011
[4] Wu M L, Xu J Y, Ma R P, Zhang T L 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 5007(in Chinese)[吴明亮、徐寄遥、马瑞平 2006 55 5007]
[5] Rakov V A, Crawford D E, Rambo K J, Schnetzer G H, Uman M A 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 22817
[6] Wang D H, Qie X S, Guo C M 1999 Lightning and Artificially Triggered Lightning.(Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaoda Press)p1(in Chinese)[王道洪、郄秀书、郭昌明 1999 雷电与人工引雷(上海:上海交大出版社)第1页]
[7] Zhao Y, Qie X S, Kong X Z, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Yang J, Feng G L, Zhang Q L, Wang D F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6616(in Chinese)[赵 阳、郄秀书、孔祥贞、张广庶、张 彤、杨 静、冯桂力、张其林、王东方 2009 58 6616]
[8] Shindo T, Uman M A 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 5189
[9] Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H, Thottappillil R, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Goldberg J D 1993 J. Geophys. Res. 98 22887
[10] Malan D J, Collens H 1937 Proc. R. Soc. London A 162 175
[11] Thottappillil R, Goldberg J D, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25711
[12] Jordan D M, Rakov V A, Beasley W H, Uman M A 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 22025
[13] Rakov V A, Uman M A, Rambo K J, Fernandez M I, Fisher R J Schentzer G H, Thottappillil R, Eybert-Berard A, Berlandis J P, Lalande P, Bonamy A, Laroche P, Bondiou-Clergerie A 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14117
[14] Campos L Z S, Saba M M F 2007 Atmos. Res. 84 302
[15] Campos L Z S, Saba M M F 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 416
[16] Shao X M, Krehbiel P R, Thomas R J, Rison W 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 2749
[17] Rakov V A, Thottappillil R, Uman M A, Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25701
[18] Wang D, Takagi N, Watanable T 2007 J. Atmos. Elec. 27 61
[19] Qie X S, Zhang Q L, Zhou Y J, Feng G L, Zhang T L, Yang J, Kong X Z, Xiao Q F, Wu S J 2007 Science in China D 50 1241 [郄秀书、张其林、周筠珺、冯桂力、张廷龙、杨静、孔祥贞、肖庆复、吴书君 2007 中国科学 D 37 564]
[20] Qie X S, Zhao Y, Zhang Q L, Yang J, Feng G L, Kong X Z, Zhou Y J, Zhang T L, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Wang D F, Cui H H, Zhao Z K, Wu S J 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 310
[21] Wang D, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Fernandez M I, Rambo K J, Schnetzer G H, Fisher R J 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 4213
[22] Wang C W, Liu X S, Dong W S, Zhang C H 1998 Plateau Meteorology 17 10(in Chinese)[王才伟、刘欣生、董万胜、张翠华 1998 高原气象 17 10]
[23] Wang C X, Qie X S, Yang J, Jiang R B, Zhang Q L, Wang J F 2010 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & Technical Exhibition on EMC RF/Microwave Measurement & Instrumentation Beijing, April 12—16, 2010 p1303
[24] Zhang Q L, Qie X S, Zhou J J, Zhang T L, Kong X Z, Feng G L, Yang J, Zhao Y, Zhang Y J 2006 High Power Laser and Particle Beams. Geophys. 18 2004(in Chinese)[张其林、郄秀书、周筠珺、张廷龙、孔祥贞、冯桂力、杨 静、赵 阳、张义军 2006 强激光与粒子束 18 2004]
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[1] Wang D, Takagi N, Watanable T, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 14369
[2] Yang J, Qie X S, Wang J G, Zhao Y, Zhang Q L, Yuan T, Zhou Y J, Feng G L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1968(in Chinese)[杨 静、郄秀书、王建国、赵 阳、张其林、袁 铁、周筠珺、冯桂力 2008 57 1968]
[3] Zhang Q L, Qie X S, Wang Z H, Zhang T L, Yang J 2009 Radio Science 44 RS1011
[4] Wu M L, Xu J Y, Ma R P, Zhang T L 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 5007(in Chinese)[吴明亮、徐寄遥、马瑞平 2006 55 5007]
[5] Rakov V A, Crawford D E, Rambo K J, Schnetzer G H, Uman M A 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 22817
[6] Wang D H, Qie X S, Guo C M 1999 Lightning and Artificially Triggered Lightning.(Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaoda Press)p1(in Chinese)[王道洪、郄秀书、郭昌明 1999 雷电与人工引雷(上海:上海交大出版社)第1页]
[7] Zhao Y, Qie X S, Kong X Z, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Yang J, Feng G L, Zhang Q L, Wang D F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6616(in Chinese)[赵 阳、郄秀书、孔祥贞、张广庶、张 彤、杨 静、冯桂力、张其林、王东方 2009 58 6616]
[8] Shindo T, Uman M A 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 5189
[9] Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H, Thottappillil R, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Goldberg J D 1993 J. Geophys. Res. 98 22887
[10] Malan D J, Collens H 1937 Proc. R. Soc. London A 162 175
[11] Thottappillil R, Goldberg J D, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25711
[12] Jordan D M, Rakov V A, Beasley W H, Uman M A 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 22025
[13] Rakov V A, Uman M A, Rambo K J, Fernandez M I, Fisher R J Schentzer G H, Thottappillil R, Eybert-Berard A, Berlandis J P, Lalande P, Bonamy A, Laroche P, Bondiou-Clergerie A 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14117
[14] Campos L Z S, Saba M M F 2007 Atmos. Res. 84 302
[15] Campos L Z S, Saba M M F 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 416
[16] Shao X M, Krehbiel P R, Thomas R J, Rison W 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 2749
[17] Rakov V A, Thottappillil R, Uman M A, Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25701
[18] Wang D, Takagi N, Watanable T 2007 J. Atmos. Elec. 27 61
[19] Qie X S, Zhang Q L, Zhou Y J, Feng G L, Zhang T L, Yang J, Kong X Z, Xiao Q F, Wu S J 2007 Science in China D 50 1241 [郄秀书、张其林、周筠珺、冯桂力、张廷龙、杨静、孔祥贞、肖庆复、吴书君 2007 中国科学 D 37 564]
[20] Qie X S, Zhao Y, Zhang Q L, Yang J, Feng G L, Kong X Z, Zhou Y J, Zhang T L, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Wang D F, Cui H H, Zhao Z K, Wu S J 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 310
[21] Wang D, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Fernandez M I, Rambo K J, Schnetzer G H, Fisher R J 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 4213
[22] Wang C W, Liu X S, Dong W S, Zhang C H 1998 Plateau Meteorology 17 10(in Chinese)[王才伟、刘欣生、董万胜、张翠华 1998 高原气象 17 10]
[23] Wang C X, Qie X S, Yang J, Jiang R B, Zhang Q L, Wang J F 2010 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & Technical Exhibition on EMC RF/Microwave Measurement & Instrumentation Beijing, April 12—16, 2010 p1303
[24] Zhang Q L, Qie X S, Zhou J J, Zhang T L, Kong X Z, Feng G L, Yang J, Zhao Y, Zhang Y J 2006 High Power Laser and Particle Beams. Geophys. 18 2004(in Chinese)[张其林、郄秀书、周筠珺、张廷龙、孔祥贞、冯桂力、杨 静、赵 阳、张义军 2006 强激光与粒子束 18 2004]
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