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The synthesis of superheavy nuclei (SHN) is a leading research frontier in nuclear physics today. In the experiments for synthesizing SHN via fusion-evaporation reactions, the appropriate choice of projectile-target combination and determination of the optimal incident energy are crucial. The number of SHN that can be synthesized with stable projectiles is very small. The fusion-evaporation reaction with radioactive projectile is one of the promising ways for SHN synthesis and it is of great significance to investigate this kind of reactions deeply. In this work a systematic study has been carried out on the fusion-evaporation reactions with radioactive projectiles. The capture cross section is calculated with the empirical coupled channel model, the fusion probability is computed by the dinuclear system model with a dynamical potential energy surface (DNS-DyPES model) and the survival probability is determined through the statistical model.
In the systematic study, 11 actinide isotopes with $Z=90$--100 are used as targets which are $^{232}$Th, $^{231}$Pa, $^{238}$U, $^{237}$Np, $^{244}$Pu, $^{243}$Am, $^{248}$Cm, $^{249}$Bk, $^{251}$Cf, $^{254}$Es and $^{257}$Fm. Projectiles are isotopes between proton and neutron drip lines for elements $Z=4$--32 and most of these projectiles are radioactive. By combining these projectiles and targets, 4969 reaction systems are proposed for synthesizing isotopes of superheavy elements Z=104-122. Through large-scale calculations, the excitation functions for $2n$--$5n$ evaporation channels of each reaction system are obtained. With the results of these reaction systems, we establish a synthesis cross section dataset for superheavy nuclei. For each reaction system, the dataset includes the identities of the synthesized SHN, the optimal incident energies and the maximal evaporation residue cross sections in $2n$-$5n$ evaporation channels. This dataset may serve as a theoretical support for synthesizing new superheavy nuclides and elements.
Additionally, taking the reactions with $^{232}$Th target as examples, we discuss systematic trends in the results and explore the underlying SHN synthesis mechanism. The synthesis cross sections of these reactions, shown in Fig. 1, are in vastly differences. We find that inner fusion barrier of the compound system formed after the projectile touches the target and fission barrier of the compound nucleus are key factors that influence the synthesis cross section. Qualitatively, the projectile-target combinations with relatively large synthesis cross sections are featured by a lower inner fusion barrier in the compound system formed upon contact which favors fusion and a higher fission barrier in the compound nucleus which enhances survival probability. These conclusions may provide valuable references for the theoretical research related to superheavy nuclei synthesis. The dataset presented in this paper are available at the Science Data Bank at http://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27854 (Please use the private access link https://www.scidb.cn/s/bimY7j to access the dataset during the peer review process).-
Keywords:
- Superheavy nuclei /
- Heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reactions /
- Radioactive beams /
- Dinuclear system models
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