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Polarization detection is a fundamental route to access the vectorial nature of light, underpinning advanced technologies in optical communication, intelligent sensing, and biosensing..Two-dimensional van der Waals materials, owing to their intrinsic anisotropy and tunable electronic properties, have emerged as a promising platform for high-performance polarization-sensitive photodetectors. Nevertheless, their intrinsically weak light absorption and limited photoresponse efficiency remain major bottlenecks. Plasmonic nanostructures, which enable strong localized field confinement and manipulation at the nanoscale, provide an effective strategy to overcome these limitations and substantially boost device performance. In this review, we systematically summarize the coupling mechanisms between plasmonic architectures and vdW materials, highlighting near-field enhancement, plasmon-induced hot-carrier generation, and mode-selective polarization coupling as key physical processes that enhance photocarrier generation and polarization extinction. Representative device implementations, including metallic gratings, hybrid nanoantennas, and chiral metasurfaces, are compared in terms of responsivity, detection speed, operating bandwidth, and polarization extinction ratio, revealing consistent improvements of one to two orders of magnitude over bare vdW devices. We further survey emerging applications in high-speed polarization-encoded optical communication, on-chip optical computing and information processing, and bioinspired vision and image recognition systems, where plasmonic-vdW hybrid detectors demonstrate unique advantages in miniaturization and energy efficiency. Finally, we discuss current challenges such as large-scale fabrication of uniform plasmonic arrays, spectral bandwidth broadening, and seamless integration with complementary photonic circuits, and outline future opportunities for next-generation polarization-resolved optoelectronic platforms.
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Keywords:
- polarization detection /
- plasmonics /
- van der Waals materials /
- surface plasmon polariton /
- localized surface plasmon resonance
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