Latest research progress of quantum identity authentication

WANG Xingfu; ZHENG Yanyan; GU Shipu; ZHANG Qi; ZHONG Wei; DU Mingming; LI Xiyun; SHEN Shuting; ZHANG Anlei; ZHOU Lan; SHENG Yubo

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250920

Abstract

The absolute security of quantum communication protocols relies on a critical premise: all participating parties are legitimate users. Ensuring the legitimacy of participant identities is paramount in complex real-world communication environments. Quantum identity authentication (QIA), in which fundamental principles of quantum mechanics are used to achieve unilateral or mutual authentication between communicating parties, constitutes an indispensable core component for building a comprehensive quantum secure communication system. It holds significant research value in the field of quantum communication.This review employs a comparative classification method to systematically outline the research trajectory of QIA protocols. By categorizing protocols based on the required quantum resources and the types of quantum protocols employed, the advantages and disadvantages of various categories are analyzed in terms of efficiency, security, and practicality. Single-photon protocols require low resources, and they are easy to implement, and compatible with existing optical components, but require high-efficiency single-photon detectors and exhibit weak noise resistance. Entangled-state protocols offer high security and strong resistance to eavesdropping, particularly suitable for long-distance or multi-party authentication. However, they greatly depend on the preparation and maintenance of high-precision, stable multi-particle entanglement sources, resulting in high experimental complexity. Continuous-variable (CV) protocols achieve high transmission efficiency in short-distance metropolitan area networks and are compatible with classical optical communication equipment, making experiments relatively straightforward. Yet, they require high-precision modulation technology and are sensitive to channel loss. Hybrid protocols aim to balance resource efficiency and security while reducing reliance on a single quantum source, but their design is complex and may introduce new attack vectors. Quantum key distribution (QKD) framework protocols embed identity authentication in the key distribution process, making them suitable for scenarios requiring long-term secure key distribution, although they often depend on pre-shared keys or trusted third parties. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) framework protocols integrate authentication with secure direct information transmission, offering high efficiency for real-time communication, but requiring high channel quality. Measurement-device-independent QSDC (MDI-QSDC) represents a key development direction that can resist attacks on measurement devices. Quantum teleportation (QT) framework protocols achieves cross-node authentication and unconditional security, making it suitable for quantum relay networks despite its high experimental complexity. The entanglement swapping framework protocol can resist conspiracy attacks and is suitable for multi-party joint scenarios, but it consumes a lot of resources and relies on trusted third party. Ping-pong protocol framework supports dynamic key updates and exhibits strong resistance to eavesdropping, making it suitable for temporary authentication on mobile terminals, although it typically only supports unilateral authentication and requires a bidirectional channel.Subsequently, this review details the latest QIA protocols of our research group, including a multi-party synchronous identity authentication protocol based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and a tripartite QSDC protocol with identity authentication capabilities utilizing polarization-spatial super-coding. The GHZ-based multi-party synchronous authentication protocol leverages the strong correlations inherent in GHZ states to achieve simultaneous authentication among multiple parties. Through a carefully designed two-round decoy-state detection mechanism, it effectively resists both external eavesdropping and internal attacks originating from authenticated users, thereby enhancing the efficiency and security of identity management in large-scale quantum networks. The core innovation of the polarization-spatial super-coding tripartite QSDC protocol lies in its deep integration of the authentication process with information transmission by utilizing the spatial degrees of freedom of single photons. This design accomplishes the identity verification of two senders and the transmission of secret information within a single protocol run, ensuring end-to-end security through a three-stage security check. This “authentication-as-communication” paradigm significantly improves the overall efficiency and practicality of the protocol. Its successful implementation also relies on advancements in quantum memory technology.Finally, the review outlines future research directions for quantum identity authentication and explores its potential applications in quantum communication. The QIA research needs to focus on reducing resource dependency, exploring more efficient protocol designs, further enhancing protocol integration and robustness, prioritizing the development of protocols adaptable to real-world environments, and actively investigating integration with novel scenarios. This comprehensive review aims to provide theoretical research foundations and technical support for the practical development of future quantum identity authentication.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
2.
School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan’An University, Yan’an 716000, China
3.
College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
4.
School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China

Corresponding author: ZHENG Yanyan, yyz@yau.edu.cn ; SHENG Yubo, shengyb@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12175106, 92365110).

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Cited By

图 1 多方QIA协议原理图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of multi-party quantum identity authentication.

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图 2 三方QIA协议步骤图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the three-partite QIA protocol.

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图 3 具有身份认证功能的三方量子安全通信协议示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a three-party quantum secure communication scheme with identity authentication function.

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表 1 根据量子资源分类的QIA协议

Table 1. QIA scheme based on quantum resources classification.

量子源类型	核心资源	优势	局限性	信道损耗/噪声容忍度
单光子	极化/相位编码单光子	低资源消耗、易于实现、与现有QKD技术兼容度高	需高效单光子探测器, 抗噪声能力较弱, 需防范光子数分离(PNS)攻击	中等. 对信道损耗敏感, 需使用诱骗态; 散粒噪声会影响误码率
纠缠态	贝尔态、 GHZ态、团簇态	高安全性、抗窃听能力强、具备理论上的无条件安全性	实验复杂度高, 依赖稳定纠缠源, 传输距离受纠缠分效率限制	较低. 纠缠分发效率极易受信道损耗和退相干效应影响, 保真度下降快
连续变量	双模压缩态、相干态	城域网效率高, 兼容经典光通信设备, 探测效率高	需高精度调制, 安全性依赖高斯假设, 易受到非高斯攻击	较高. 可采用经典光通信的放大和纠错技术, 但对过量噪声非常敏感
混合型	纠缠态+ 单光子/ 经典算法	灵活性强, 平衡效率与安全性, 降低对单一量子源的依赖, 适用复杂场景	安全性需双重验证, 协议设计复杂度高, 需协调量子与经典操作的同步性	可调节. 取决于所采用的具体量子资源组合, 设计上可针对噪声进行优化

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表 2 基于量子框架分类的QIA协议

Table 2. QIA schemes based on quantum framework classification.

分类	信道需求	核心优势	主要局限	适用场景
QKD框架	低损耗	高安全性, 密钥与认证同步	依赖预共享密钥或可信第三方	长期密钥分发的安全通信
QSDC框架	高稳定性	高效信息传输与认证一体化	对量子信道质量要求高	实时安全通信(如军事指挥)
隐形传态框架	中继节点	跨节点认证, 无条件安全性	实验复杂度高, 需可信中继	量子中继网络与城域互联
纠缠交换框架	多方同步	多方协作抗合谋攻击	量子资源消耗大, 依赖可信第三方	多方联合认证(如区块链共识)
乒乓协议框架	双向信道	动态密钥更新, 抗窃听能力强	仅支持单向认证, 需双向信道	移动终端临时认证

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量子源类型	核心资源	优势	局限性	信道损耗/噪声容忍度
单光子	极化/相位编码单光子	低资源消耗、易于实现、与现有QKD技术兼容度高	需高效单光子探测器, 抗噪声能力较弱, 需防范光子数分离(PNS)攻击	中等. 对信道损耗敏感, 需使用诱骗态; 散粒噪声会影响误码率
纠缠态	贝尔态、 GHZ态、团簇态	高安全性、抗窃听能力强、具备理论上的无条件安全性	实验复杂度高, 依赖稳定纠缠源, 传输距离受纠缠分效率限制	较低. 纠缠分发效率极易受信道损耗和退相干效应影响, 保真度下降快
连续变量	双模压缩态、相干态	城域网效率高, 兼容经典光通信设备, 探测效率高	需高精度调制, 安全性依赖高斯假设, 易受到非高斯攻击	较高. 可采用经典光通信的放大和纠错技术, 但对过量噪声非常敏感
混合型	纠缠态+ 单光子/ 经典算法	灵活性强, 平衡效率与安全性, 降低对单一量子源的依赖, 适用复杂场景	安全性需双重验证, 协议设计复杂度高, 需协调量子与经典操作的同步性	可调节. 取决于所采用的具体量子资源组合, 设计上可针对噪声进行优化

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