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A new vacancy model by using periodic density functional theory was used to describe the process of In segregation from clean Al surfaces via atomic movement through vacancies. The detailed segregation mechanism of impurity metal In to Al (001) surface planes is examined, carefully evaluating energy barriers for each step in the segregation process. The results show that the system energy is decreased by 0.46 eV and the highest energy barrier is 0.34 eV when the impurity atom In moves from the second layer to the topmost layer in the Al (001) slab. The system energy is almost constant when impurity atoms segregate from the third layer to the second layer. Higher energy (0.65 eV) was needed to overcome the energy barriers. So, In showing a strong segregation to the clean Al (001) surface is thermodynamically favorable.
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Keywords:
- density functional theory /
- surface segregation /
- diffusion /
- Al alloys
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[2] Caicedo-Martinez C E, Koroleva E, Skeldon P, Thompson G E, Hoellrigl G, Bailey P, Noakes T C Q, Habazaki H, Shimizu K 2002 J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 B139
[3] Arai K, Suzuki T, Atsumi T 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc 132 1667
[4] Song J B, Mao W M, Yang H, Feng H P 2008 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 18 879
[5] Chen H C, Ou B L 2004 J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Electron 15 819
[6] Lin W, Tu G C, Lin C F, Peng Y M 1997 Corros. Sci. 39 1531
[7] Andreev Y Y, Goncharov A V 2005 Electrochim. Acta. 50 2629
[8] Graver B, van Helvoort A, Walmsley J C, Nisancioglu K. Aluminium Alloys 2006, Pts 1 and 2, Zurich-Uetikon:Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2006: 519—521, 673
[9] Kim C, Chung Y C 2006 Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 8380
[10] Ndongmouo U T, Hontinfinde F 2004 Surf. Sci. 571 89
[11] Kravchuk T, Hoffman A 2007 Surf. Sci. 601 87
[12] Zhao W, Wang J D, Liu F B, Chen D R 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3352 (in Chinese) [赵 巍、汪家道、刘峰斌、陈大融 2009 58 3352]
[13] Xu G G, Wu Q Y, Zhang J M, Chen Z G, Huang Z G 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1924 (in Chinese) [许桂贵、吴青云、张健敏、陈志高、黄志高 2009 58 1924]
[14] Lin F, Zheng F W, Ouyang F P Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S193 (in Chinese) [林 峰、郑法伟、欧阳方平 2009 58 S193]
[15] Yao R, Wang F H, Zhou Y S Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S177 (in Chinese) [姚 蕊、王福合、周云松 2009 58 S177]
[16] Clark S J, Segall M D, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Probert M J, Refson K, Payne M C 2005 Z. Kristallogr. 220 567
[17] Govind N, Petersen M, Fitzgerald G, King-Smith D, Andzelm J 2003 Comput. Mater. Sci. 28 250
[18] Porter D A, Easterling K E 2000 Phase transformations in metalsand alloys[M]. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes
[19] Fradin F Y, Rowland T J 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 11 207
[20] Mantina M, Wang Y, Arroyave R, Chen L Q, Liu Z K, Wolverton C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 215901
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[1] Zhang X M, Meng Y, Zhou Z P, Zhou H Z 1999 Chin. J. Nonferrous Met. 9 19 (in Chinese) [张新明、孟 亚、周卓平、周鸿章 1999 中国有色金属学报 9 19]
[2] Caicedo-Martinez C E, Koroleva E, Skeldon P, Thompson G E, Hoellrigl G, Bailey P, Noakes T C Q, Habazaki H, Shimizu K 2002 J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 B139
[3] Arai K, Suzuki T, Atsumi T 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc 132 1667
[4] Song J B, Mao W M, Yang H, Feng H P 2008 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 18 879
[5] Chen H C, Ou B L 2004 J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Electron 15 819
[6] Lin W, Tu G C, Lin C F, Peng Y M 1997 Corros. Sci. 39 1531
[7] Andreev Y Y, Goncharov A V 2005 Electrochim. Acta. 50 2629
[8] Graver B, van Helvoort A, Walmsley J C, Nisancioglu K. Aluminium Alloys 2006, Pts 1 and 2, Zurich-Uetikon:Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2006: 519—521, 673
[9] Kim C, Chung Y C 2006 Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 8380
[10] Ndongmouo U T, Hontinfinde F 2004 Surf. Sci. 571 89
[11] Kravchuk T, Hoffman A 2007 Surf. Sci. 601 87
[12] Zhao W, Wang J D, Liu F B, Chen D R 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3352 (in Chinese) [赵 巍、汪家道、刘峰斌、陈大融 2009 58 3352]
[13] Xu G G, Wu Q Y, Zhang J M, Chen Z G, Huang Z G 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1924 (in Chinese) [许桂贵、吴青云、张健敏、陈志高、黄志高 2009 58 1924]
[14] Lin F, Zheng F W, Ouyang F P Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S193 (in Chinese) [林 峰、郑法伟、欧阳方平 2009 58 S193]
[15] Yao R, Wang F H, Zhou Y S Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S177 (in Chinese) [姚 蕊、王福合、周云松 2009 58 S177]
[16] Clark S J, Segall M D, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Probert M J, Refson K, Payne M C 2005 Z. Kristallogr. 220 567
[17] Govind N, Petersen M, Fitzgerald G, King-Smith D, Andzelm J 2003 Comput. Mater. Sci. 28 250
[18] Porter D A, Easterling K E 2000 Phase transformations in metalsand alloys[M]. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes
[19] Fradin F Y, Rowland T J 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 11 207
[20] Mantina M, Wang Y, Arroyave R, Chen L Q, Liu Z K, Wolverton C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 215901
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