相对论重离子碰撞中光子-光子相互作用的碰撞参数依赖性

杨帅; 唐泽波; 杨驰; 查王妹

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230948

摘要

在相对论重离子碰撞中, 接近光速的重离子产生的超强电磁场, 由于洛伦兹收缩效应可等效为线性极化的准实光子, 进而诱发光子-光子相互作用产生正负轻子对. 相对论重离子对撞机RHIC和大型强子对撞机LHC上的国际合作实验在非超周边重离子碰撞中观测到相干光致产生过程, 发现正负轻子对的横动量分布相比于其在超周边碰撞发生显著的展宽, 为研究解禁闭物质——夸克胶子等离子体的电磁性质提供了新途径. 本文主要回顾相对论重离子碰撞中光子-光子相互作用对碰撞参数依赖的实验研究, 并讨论其在侦测夸克胶子等离子体电磁性质方面的重要意义.

关键词:

Abstract

The Lorentz-boosted electromagnetic fields surrounding relativistic heavy ions with large charges can be treated as a flux of linearly polarized quasireal photons, which can interact via the photon-photon scattering to produce lepton antilepton pairs. Those photon-photon interactions can happen even in heavy-ion collisions with hadronic overlap, making an opportunity to probe the electromagnetic properties of the produced deconfined quark-gluon plasma. In this paper, we review the recent experimental progress of the impact parameter dependent photon-photon interactions in heavy-ion collisions, and discuss their essential role in probing the possible electromagnetic properties of quark-gluon plasma produced in hadronic heavy-ion collisions.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
华南师范大学量子物质研究院, 原子亚原子结构与量子调控教育部重点实验室, 广州　510006

2.
中国科学技术大学, 核探测与核电子学国家重点实验室, 合肥　230026

3.
山东大学前沿交叉科学青岛研究院, 粒子物理与粒子辐照教育部重点实验室, 青岛　266237

通信作者: 杨帅, syang@scnu.edu.cn ; 唐泽波, zbtang@ustc.edu.cn ; 杨驰, chiyang@sdu.edu.cn ; 查王妹, first@ustc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11890713, 12005220, 12075139, 12175223, 12275091)和广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金(批准号: 2020B0301030008, 2023A1515010416)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

2.
State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

3.
Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation, Ministry of Education, Institute of Frontier andInterdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

Corresponding author: Yang Shuai, syang@scnu.edu.cn ; Tang Ze-Bo, zbtang@ustc.edu.cn ; Yang Chi, chiyang@sdu.edu.cn ; Zha Wang-Mei, first@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11890713, 12005220, 12075139, 12175223, 12275091) and the Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2020B0301030008, 2023A1515010416).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 超周边重离子碰撞中光子-光子相互作用(a)和光子-原子核相互作用(b)示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic plot of photon-photon (a) and photon-nuclear (b) interactions in ultra-peripheral heavy-ion collisions.

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图 2 60%—80%金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中心度事例中不同质量区间正负电子对的横动量分布^[33]

Fig. 2. The $ {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ pair $ p_{\rm{T}} $ distributions for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions compared to cocktails^[33].

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图 3 60%—80% (a) 和40%—60% (b)金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中心度事例中低横动量($ p_{\rm{T}} < $ 0.15 GeV/c)正负电子对的不变质量增强谱; (c) 金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中不同质量区间增强产额对碰撞中心度的依赖^[33]

Fig. 3. The low-$ p_{\rm{T}} $ ($ p_{\rm{T}} < $0.15 GeV/c) $ {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ excess mass spectra in 60%–80% (a) and 40%–60% (b) Au + Au and U + U collisions; (c) centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in three different mass regions in Au + Au and U + U collisions^[33].

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图 4 铅核-铅核碰撞中不同中心度下光子-光子相互作用产生正负缪子对的α分布, 每个分布在其测量范围内进行归一处理^[31]

Fig. 4. The centrality dependence of α distributions from $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in Pb + Pb collisions. The α distributions are normalized to unity over their measured ranges^[31].

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图 5 gEPA和QED方法计算的5.02 TeV铅核-铅核碰撞中不同中心度下源自光子-光子相互作用的正负缪子对的α分布^[37]

Fig. 5. The α distributions calculated by gEPA and QED approaches for $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in Pb + Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 5.02 TeV for different centrality classes^[37].

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图 6 $ 0 {\rm{n}}0 {\rm{n}} $, $ 0 {\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n}} $, $ Y{\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n }}$, (其中$ Y \geqslant 1 $)对应的碰撞参数范围^[8]

Fig. 6. The impact parameter dependence of the $ 0 {\rm{n}}0 {\rm{n}} $, $ Y{\rm{n}}0{\rm{ n }}$, $ Y{\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n }}$ ($ Y \geqslant 1 $) neutron emission scenarios from the STARlight model^[8]

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图 7 位于CMS两边零度角量能器的能量谱关联(a)和位于负快度方向零度角量能器的能量谱分布(b)^[35]

Fig. 7. The left panel shows the correlation between energy distributions of the Minus and Plus ZDC detectors, while the right panel shows a multi-Gaussian function fit to the Minus ZDC energy distribution^[35].

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图 8 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中不同前向中子多重数下正负缪子对的α分布^[35]

Fig. 8. Neutron multiplicity dependence of α distributions from $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The α distributions are normalized to unity integral over their measured ranges^[35].

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图 9 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中正负缪子对的$ \langle \alpha^\text{core} \rangle $对前向中子多重数的依赖^[35]

Fig. 9. Neutron multiplicity dependence of $ \langle \alpha^\text{core} \rangle $ of $ {\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultra-peripheral Pb + Pb collisions^[35].

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图 10 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中正负缪子对的$ \langle m_{{\text{μ}}{\text{μ}}} \rangle $对前向中子多重数的依赖^[35]

Fig. 10. Neutron multiplicity dependence of $ \langle m_{{\text{μ}}{\text{μ}}} \rangle $ of ${\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultra-peripheral Pb + Pb collisions^[35].

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图 11 3个具有不对称中子数的前向中子多重数事例中光致产生的正负缪子对的α分布^[35]

Fig. 11. Acoplanarity distributions of $ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ events for three different neutron multiplicity classes with asymmetric neutron numbers^[35].

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图 12 预计STAR于2023至2025年在200 GeV金核-金核偏心和超周边碰撞中测量$ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $物理过程可达到的精度^[38]

Fig. 12. Projection for measurements of the $ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ process in peripheral and ultra-peripheral Au + Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 200 GeV^[38].

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map

[1]	Fermi E 1924 Z. Phys. 29 315 Google Scholar
[2]	Williams E J 1934 Phys. Rev. 45 729 Google Scholar
[3]	Weizsacker C F von 1934 Z. Phys. 88 612 Google Scholar
[4]	Bertulani C A, Baur G 1988 Phys. Rep. 163 299 Google Scholar
[5]	Baur G, Hencken K, Trautmann D, Sadovsky S, Kharlov Y 2002 Phys. Rep. 364 359 Google Scholar
[6]	Bertulani C A, Klein S R, Nystrand J 2005 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 271 Google Scholar
[7]	Baltz A J, Baur G, d’Enterria D, Frankfurt L, Gelis F, Guzey V, Hencken K, Kharlov Y, Klasen M, Klein S R, Nikulin V, Nystrand J, Pshenichnov I A, Sadovsky S, Scapparone E, Seger J, Strikman M, Tverskoy M, Vogt R, White S N, Wiedemann U A, Yepes P, Zhalov M 2008 Phys. Rep. 458 1 Google Scholar
[8]	Klein S R, Steinberg P 2020 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 70 323 Google Scholar
[9]	Baur G, Hencken K, Trautmann D 2007 Phys. Rep. 453 1 Google Scholar
[10]	STAR Collaboration 2004 Phys. Rev. C 70 031902 Google Scholar
[11]	STAR Collaboration 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 052302 Google Scholar
[12]	PHENIX Collaboration 2009 Phys. Lett. B 679 321 Google Scholar
[13]	ALICE Collaboration 2013 Eur. Phys. J. C 73 2617 Google Scholar
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[15]	ATLAS Collaboration 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 852 Google Scholar
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[17]	Bruce R, d'Enterria D, d’Roeck A, Drewes M, Farrar G R, Giammanco A, Gould O, Hajer J, Harland-Lang L, Heisig J, Jowett J M, Kabana S, Krintiras G K, Korsmeier M, Lucente M, Milhano G, Mukherjee S, Niedziela J, Okorokov V A, Rajantie A, Schaumann M 2020 J. Phys. G 47 060501 Google Scholar
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[45]	浦实, 肖博文, 周剑, 周雅瑾 2023 72 072503 Google Scholar PU S, Xiao B, Zhou J, Zhou Y 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072503 Google Scholar
[46]	Rapp R 2013 Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013 148253
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[48]	Klein S R 2018 Phys. Rev. C 97 054903 Google Scholar
[49]	Berman B L, Fultz S C 1975 Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 713 Google Scholar
[50]	Klein S R, Nystrand J, Seger J, Gorbunov Y, Butterworth J 2017 Comput. Phys. Commun. 212 258 Google Scholar
[51]	Brandenburg J D, Li W, Ruan L, Tang Z, Xu Z, Yang S, Zha W 2020 arXiv: 2006.07365 [hep-ph

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