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针对空天一体化发展中临近空间飞行器在卫星拒止下的自主导航难题，脉冲星导航作为一种极具前景的解决方案，其可否应用取决于临近空间X射线的传输特性。本文首先分析了电离层内X射线与带电离子、自由电子等物质的相互作用，给出了反射、散射及吸收作用对1-100 keV能段X射线的质量衰减系数。然后基于NRLMSIS 2.1模型和IRI-2020模型建立了X射线在临近空间传输的分层模型，给出了1-30 keV的X射线在60-100 km的传输效率和流量获取方法。最后分析了传输效率在不同季节与纬度、昼夜等条件下的变化规律，阐述了传输效率的分布特征。结果表明，以南极中山站为例，10 keV能量的X射线，在75 km以上时传输效率均高于83.96%。本研究为X射线脉冲星导航在临近空间的应用研究提供了数据支撑。In the context of integrated space-air development, the near-space aircraft is facing the challenge of autonomous navigation under conditions of satellite denial. Pulsar navigation is a promising solution, and whether it can be applied depends on the transmission characteristics of X-rays in near-space. Firstly, this paper analyzes the interaction between X-rays and charged ions, free electrons and other substances in the ionosphere, and gives the mass attenuation coefficients of reflection, scattering and absorption to X-rays with energy of 1-100 keV. Then, based on the NRLMSIS 2.1 and IRI-2020 models, a stratified model for X-ray transmission in near-space is established, and provides the transmission efficiency and flux acquisition method for 1-30 keV X-rays in 60-100 km. Finally, we analyzes the variations in transmission efficiency under different season, latitude and day-night, and describes the distribution characteristics of transmission efficiency. Analysis indicates that: (1) Photoelectric absorption plays a dominant role, while both coherent and incoherent scattering have relatively minor impacts and the reflection effect is extremely weak and negligible for X-rays applicable to pulsar navigation; (2) The transmission efficiency exhibits a significant positive correlation with X-ray energy and altitude, and it usually surpasses 80% when the X-ray energy exceeds 10 keV; (3) The transmission efficiency exhibits distinct annual variation characteristics in the Arctic and Antarctic regions and subtle semi-annual variation characteristics in the equatorial region. It peaks in the winter hemisphere and reaches a minimum in the summer hemisphere, with the amplitude of its fluctuations in polar regions far exceeding that in the equatorial region. Additionally it also shows periodic daily variations with daytime decreases and nighttime increases, and the amplitude of diurnal fluctuations being no more than 0.82%. The results indicate that the transmission efficiency peaks during the early morning of the Antarctic winter for 10 keV X-rays at 75 km. Taking Antarctic China Zhongshan Station as an example, it can reach up to 93.57%, which represents a 9.61% increase over the summer minimum of 83.96%. This study provides crucial data for supporting the applications of X-ray pulsar navigation in near-space.
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Keywords:
- X-ray /
- Near space /
- Transmission characteristics /
- Pulsar
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