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本文提出了一种基于非对称三芯光子晶体光纤的宽带模分复用器. 该器件主要是由位于光纤中心的可提供基模和高阶模传输的中心纤芯和分别位于中心纤芯两侧的可提供基模传输的2个旁芯构成. 根据光耦合理论, 在输入端对3个纤芯分别输入LP01模式的光, 在传输过程中左旁芯的LP01模式的光将逐步向中心纤芯耦合并转换为LP21模式传输, 而右旁芯中的LP01模式的光则逐步耦合并转换为中心纤芯中的LP31模式来传输. 通过对光纤结构的优化设计和光纤长度的选择, 使得在输出端同时完成旁芯LP01模向中心纤芯LP21和LP31模的最佳转换, 从而实现LP01、LP21和LP31 3种模式的光在中心纤芯中的复用. 反之, 若将该器件的输出端用作输入端则可以实现中心纤芯中3种模式的光向3个纤芯的解复用. 本文利用有限元法和光束传播法进行了优化设计和仿真, 并将光耦合理论与超模理论相结合进行了分析计算, 结果表明在1.49—1.63 μm的波段下, 该器件插入损耗最高为0.72 dB, 在中心波长1.55 μm处器件插入损耗为最低值0.543 dB, 远低于大家普遍采用的1 dB插入损耗的评价标准. 较低的插入损耗也为级联型多芯光子晶体光纤模分复用器设计提供了可能. 与现有的模分复用方案相比, 该器件的集成性更高, 受外界影响更小, 与多芯空分复用光纤搭配使用, 可以更好地提高模式转换效率和模式纯度, 降低耦合复杂度, 拓展通信容量.A broadband mode-division multiplexer based on asymmetric three-core photonic crystal fiber is proposed in this paper. The device is mainly composed of a central core, which can provide the transmission of fundamental mode and higher-order mode, and two side cores providing fundamental mode transmission. According to the theory of optical coupling, the LP01 mode light is input to the three fiber cores at the initial port separately, and in the transmission process the LP01 mode on the left side core will be coupled and converted into the LP21 mode light in the central core gradually. Similarly, the LP01 mode of the right side core is transformed into the LP31 mode of the center core. By optimizing the structural design and selecting the length of optical fiber, the best conversion from side core into central core can be completed at the output end simultaneously, thereby realizing the multiplexing of LP01, LP21 and LP31 modes in the central core. In the opposite direction, if the output end of the device is used as the initial port, the demultiplexing of three modes of light from the central core to the three cores can be realized. In thiswork, the finite element method and beam propagation method are used to optimize the simulation, and the optical coupling theory and supermode theory are combined to conduct analysis and calculation. The results show that at wavelength band from 1.49 μm to 1.63 μm, the maximum insertion loss of the device is 0.72 dB, and the lowest insertion loss is 0.543 dB at 1.55 μm, which is far lower than the general evaluation standard of 1 dB insertion loss. The low insertion loss also makes it possible to design cascaded multi-core photonic-crystal-fiber mode-division multiplexer. Compared with the existing mode-division multiplexing scheme, the device is more integrated and less affected by the external environment. When it is used with multi-core space division multiplexing fiber, it can better improve the mode-conversion efficiency and mode purity, reduce the coupling complexity and expand the communication capacity.
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Keywords:
- mode division multiplexer /
- photonic crystal fiber /
- insertion loss /
- supermode
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图 1 (a)三芯光子晶体光纤模分复用器剖面结构; (b)分体设计的中心纤芯波导剖面结构; (c)分体设计的旁芯波导剖面结构
Fig. 1. (a) Profile structure of three core PCF mode division multiplexer; (b) section structure of central core waveguide designed by split; (c) section structure of side core waveguide designed by split.
图 2 中心纤芯中LP21和LP31模式的有效折射率以及两模式间的有效折射率差Δneff随传输波长的变化关系
Fig. 2. The relationship between effective refractive index of LP21 and LP31 modes in central core, effective refractive index difference Δneff of two modes and the transmission wavelength.
图 3 (a)不同d1条件下旁芯基模的有效折射率随波长的变化关系; (b)不同折射率差条件下旁芯基模的有效折射率随波长的变化关系
Fig. 3. (a) The relationship between the effective refractive index of the side core mode and the wavelength under different d1 conditions; (b) the relationship between the effective refractive index of the side core mode and the wavelength under different refractive index difference of the doped rod.
图 4 (a)不同d1, d2条件下旁芯基模的有效折射率随传输波长的变化关系; (b)1.55 μm波长下旁芯基模的有效折射率随掺杂棒折射率差的变化关系; (c)旁芯基模与中心纤芯各对应待转换模发生相位匹配
Fig. 4. (a) The relationship between the effective refractive index of the side core fundamental mode and the transmission wavelength under different d1 and d2 conditions; (b) the relationship between the effective refractive index of the side core fundamental mode and the refractive index difference of the doped rod at 1.55 μm wavelength; (c) phase matching occurs between the basic mode of the side core and the corresponding mode to be converted of the central core.
图 5 三维与二维绘图下的超模 (a) LP01-LP21奇模; (b) LP01-LP21偶模; (c) LP01-LP31奇模; (d) LP01-LP31偶模
Fig. 5. Supermodes in 3D and 2D drawing groups: (a) LP01-LP21 odd mode (b) LP01-LP21 even mode (c) LP01-LP31 odd mode (d) LP01-LP31 even mode.
图 6 功率监视器下的模式转换复用过程 (a)等高曲线绘图; (b)能量曲线绘图
Fig. 6. Mode conversion multiplexing process under power monitor: (a) Contour plot; (b) energy plot
图 7 (a)不同器件长度下的插入损耗随波长的变化关系; (b)不同器件长度下的高阶模转换效率随波长的变化关系
Fig. 7. (a) Relationship between insertion loss and wavelength in different device lengths; (b) wavelength dependence of higher-order mode conversion efficiency for different device lengths.
图 8 模分复用器的信号输入示意图
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of input signal of mode division multiplexer.
表 1 本文所提出的模分复用器的特性与先前报导的器件间的对比.
Table 1. Comparison of the characteristics of the proposed mode division multiplexer with those of the previously reported devices.
器件类型 主要功能 工作波段 插入损耗 模式转换效率 器件长度 制作难
易度参考
文献椭圆芯五模群选择性
光子灯笼复用器10种空间模式的转换复用 1530—1565 nm 0.1—0.38 dB –0.79—0.19 dB 锥区9 cm 难 [2] 三维对称少模光纤
(FMF)耦合器6种模式的转换复用 1530—1565 nm 1.6 dB 平均值–1.82 dB 6.26 cm 较难 [3] 少模环芯光纤模分
多路复用器3种模式的转换复用 1530—1565 nm < –1.39 dB 3.23 cm 较难 [4] 非对称双芯光子晶体光
纤可调谐模式转换器可调谐, 单一模式的转换 1278—1317 nm –0.043 dB(99%) 3.15 mm 容易 [9] 三芯全固体光子晶体
光纤模式转换器3种模式的转换复用 1550 nm –0.46 dB 6.16 mm 容易 [10] 非对称三芯光子晶体
光纤宽带模分复用器3种模式的转换复用 1490—1630 nm < 0.7 dB –0.19—1.2 dB 4.9 mm 较容易 本文 
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[1] Ryf R, Bolle C, von Hoyningen-Huene. J 2011 ECOC Geneva, Switzerland, SEP 18–22, 2011.
[2] Wang Y L, Zhang C, Fu S N, Zhang R, Shen L, Tang M, Liu D M 2019 Opt Express 27 27979
Google Scholar
[3] Shi J 2013 M. S. Dissertation (Changchun: Jilin University) (in Chinese) 石健 2013 硕士学位论文(长春: 吉林大学)
[4] Liu Q Q, Zheng H J, Li X, Bai C L, Hu W S, Yu R Y 2018 Optoelectron. Lett. 5 336
[5] Tsekrekos C P, Syvridis D 2014 J. Lightwave Technol. 32 2461
Google Scholar
[6] Liu Y, Dong Q H, Zheng H J, Li X, Bai C L, Hu W S, Li Y L, Wang X 2020 Opt. Commun. 469
[7] Park K J, Song K Y, Kim Y K, Kim B Y 2014 OFC San Francisco, CA, MAR 09–13, 2014.
[8] Chang S H, Chung H S, Fontaine N K, Ryf R, Park K J, Kim K, Lee J C, Lee J H, Kim B Y, Kim Y K 2014 Opt Express 22 14229
Google Scholar
[9] Pang M, Xiao L M, Jin W, Cerqueira A 2012 J. Lightwave Technology. 30 1422
Google Scholar
[10] 侯建平, 宁韬, 盖双龙, 李鹏, 皓建苹, 赵建林 2010 59 4732
Google Scholar
Hou J P, Ning T, Gai S L, Li P, Hao J P, Zhao J L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 4732
Google Scholar
[11] 张美艳, 李曙光, 姚艳艳, 张磊, 付博, 尹国冰 2010 59 3278
Google Scholar
Zhang M Y, Li S G, Yao Y Y, Zhang L, Fu B, Yin G B 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 3278
Google Scholar
[12] Yu Y Y, Sun B 2018 Crystals 8 95
Google Scholar
[13] Cardona J A M, Cardona N D G, Valencia, E G, Trujillo P T, Vera E R 2019 Photonics. 7 1
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang Y J, Wang Y, Cai S Y, Lan M Y, Yu S, Gu W Y 2015 Photonics Res. 3 220
Google Scholar
[15] Yang J 2017 M. S. Dissertation (Nanjing: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications) (in Chinese) [杨静 2017 硕士学位论文 (南京: 南京邮电大学)]
[16] 孙兵, 陈明阳, 周骏, 余学权, 张永康, 于荣金 2010 光学学报 6 1581
Sun B, Chen M Y, Zhou J, Yu X Q, Zhang Y K, Yu R J 2010 Acta Optica Sinica 6 1581
[17] Rifat A A, Mahdiraji G A, Shee Y G, Shawon M J, Adikan F R M 2016 Procedia. Eng. 140 1
Google Scholar
[18] Kaliteevskiy N A, Korolev A E, Koreshkov K S, Nazarov V N, Sterlingov P M 2013 Opt. Spectrosc. 114 913
Google Scholar
[19] Cai S Y, Yu S, Wang Y, Lan M Y, Gao L, Gu W Y 2016 PTL. 28 3
Google Scholar
[20] F. Bagci 2013 Opt. Pura. Apl. 46 265
Google Scholar
[21] 季珂, 陈鹤鸣 2018 红外与毫米波学报 37 50
Google Scholar
Ji K, Chen H M 2018 J. Infrared Millim. W. 37 50
Google Scholar
[22] T. Joseph, J. John 2019 J. Op. t Soc. Amer. B. 36 1987
Google Scholar
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