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基于多气隙电阻板室(MRPC)技术的飞行时间谱仪广泛应用于现代物理实验, 并在粒子鉴别中发挥了重要作用. 随着加速器能量和实验亮度的提高, 对飞行时间谱仪的粒子计数率和时间分辨要求越来越高. MRPC飞行时间谱仪按技术上可以分成三代. 从第一代到第三代, 计数率要求越来越高(> 30 kHz/cm2), 时间精度也更加严格(< 20 ps), 相应的探测器结构和读出电子学系统呈现出不同的特性. 本文总结了三代飞行时间谱仪技术的主要技术特点及主要物理实验, 介绍了已经取得的应用成果, 提出了该技术的未来发展方向. 同时也介绍了MRPC探测器在工业及医学方面的应用.Particle identification is very important in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Time of flight system (TOF) plays an important role in particle identification such as the separation of pion, kaon and proton. Multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) is a new kind of avalanche gas detector and it has excellent time resolution power. The intrinsic time resolution of narrow gap MRPC is less than 10 ps. So the MRPC technology TOF system is widely used in modern physics experiments for particle identification. With the increase of accelerator energy and luminosity, the TOF system is required to indentify definite particles precisely under high rate environment. The MRPC technology TOF system can be defined as three generations according to the timing and rate requirement. The first-generation TOF is based on the float glass MRPC and its time resolution is around 80 ps, but the rate is relatively low (typically lower than 100 Hz/cm2). The typical systems are TOF of RHIC-STAR, LHC-ALICE and BES III endcap. For the second-generation TOF, its time resolution has the same order as that for the first generation, but the rate capability is much higher. Its rate capability can reach 30 kHz/cm2. The typical experiment with this high rate TOF is FAIR-CBM. The biggest challenge is in the third-generation TOF. For example, the momentum upper limit of
$ {\rm{K}}/{\text{π}}$ separation is around 7 GeV/c for JLab-SoLID TOF system under high particle rate as high as 20 kHz/cm2, and the time requirement is around 20 ps. The readout electronics of first two generations is based on time over threshold method, and pulse shape sampling technology will be used in the third-generation TOF. In the same time, the machine learning technology LSTM network is also used to analyze the time performance. As a very successful sample, MRPC barrel TOF has been used in RHIC-STAR for more than ten years and many important physics results have been obtained. A prominent result is the observation of antimatter helium-4 nucleus. This discovery proves the existence of antimatter in the early universe. In this paper, we will describe the evolution of MRPC TOF technology and key technology of each generation of TOFs including MRPC detector and related electronics. The industrial and medical usage of MRPC are also introduced in the work finally.-
Keywords:
- multi-gap resistive plate chamber /
- time resolution /
- slewing correction /
- machine learning /
- pulse shape sampling
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图 1 几种不同时间分辨飞行时间谱仪系统的
$ {\text{π}}/{\rm{K}}$ 鉴别能力, 飞行距离L = 8 mFig. 1.
$ {\text{π}}/{\rm{K}}$ separation power of TOF system with different time resolution, flight distance L = 8 m.
图 6 对MRPC的时间幅度信号进行校正, 以修正定时误差
Fig. 6. Slewing correction of MRPC to improve time precision.
图 8 上图和中图是通过STAR-TOF测得的带电粒子质量和能量损失的二维图; 下图是带电粒子质量的一维图, 反氦4核的质量等于3.73 GeV/c2. 利用飞行时间谱仪, 在10亿次碰撞产生的5000亿条径迹中清晰地分辨出18个反氦4物质
Fig. 8. The top two panels show the dE/dx of charged particles as a function of mass measured by the TOF system; The bottom panel shows the mass distribution of charge particles. The mass of antimatter helium-4 nucleus is 3.73 GeV/c2. 18 antimatter helium-4 nucleus are discriminated from around 500 billion tracks generated by one billion collisions.
图 9 测试得到的MRPC探测效率和时间分别随粒子计数率的变化[15]
Fig. 9. Measured efficiency and time resolution of MRPC change with particle rate.
图 12 由5个MRPC和相应电子学组成的飞行时间探测器模块
Fig. 12. CBM-TOF module is consisted of 5 MRPC counters and related electronics.
图 13 不同PADI阈值下, MRPC3a探测器的时间分辨, 探测效率和簇大小
Fig. 13. Time resolution, efficiency and cluster size of MRPC3a at different threshold of PADI.
图 14 同方威视公司密云生产车间正在进行高计数率MRPC的批量生产
Fig. 14. High rate MRPC were produced at Miyun manufacture base of NUCTECH Ltd.
图 17 粒子到达MRPC的时间点
${t_a}$ 可以由信号波形前沿得到Fig. 17. The time point
${t_a}$ of particle arriving at MRPC can be obtained from pulse shape.
图 18 用于MRPC时间重建的LSTM网络架构
Fig. 18. The structure diagram of LSTM network used for time reconstruction of MRPC.
图 19 模拟得到MRPC探测效率和时间分辨随气隙场强的变化, 可以看出, 采用LSTM网络法重建出的时间分辨比时幅校正得到结果要好
Fig. 19. Simulated efficiency and time resolution of MRPC change with electric field in the gas gap. It can be seen the time resolution reconstructed with LSTM network is better than with slewing correction.
图 20 采用LSTM网络方法分析得到MRPC的测试时间谱
Fig. 20. Time spectrum of MRPC in cosmic test analyzed with LSTM network.
表 1 三代MRPC飞行时间谱仪性能列表
Table 1. Performance of three generation MRPC TOF.
TOF系统 时间分辨
/ps计数率
/kHz·cm–2电极电阻率
/Ω·cm电子学 分析方法 典型实验 第一代 80 < 0.1 ~1012 NINO + HPTDC TOT slewing correction RHIC-STAR
LHC-ALICE第二代 80 >20 ~1010 PADIX + GET4 TOT slewing correction FAIR-CBM 第三代 20 >20 ~1010 Fast amplifier + SCA TOT slewing correction
Deep learningJLab-SoLID 
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表 2 低电阻玻璃性能
Table 2. The performance of low resistive glass.
性能参数 典型值 标准尺寸 33 cm × 27.6 cm 体电阻率/Ω·cm ~1010 标准厚度/mm 0.7, 1.1 厚度均匀性/μm 20 表面粗糙度/nm < 10 介电常数 7.5–9.5 DC测试 累积电荷达1 C/cm2
下载: 导出CSV
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[1] Acosta D, Ahn M, Anikeev K, et al. 2004 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 492 605
[2] 王景波 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 清华大学)
Wang J B 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Tsinghua University) (in Chinese)
[3] Wang Y, Wang J B, Cheng J P, et al. 2010 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 613 200
Google Scholar
[4] Wu J, Bonner B, Chen H F, et al. 2005 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 538 243
Google Scholar
[5] Akindinov A, Anselmo F, Basile M, et al. 2000 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 456 16
Google Scholar
[6] Williams M C S 1998 Nucl. Phys. B 61B 250
[7] Shao M, Ruan L J, Chen H F, et al. 2002 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 492 344
Google Scholar
[8] Anghinolfi F, Jarron P, Krummenacher F, Usenko E, Williams M C S 2004 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 5 1974
[9] http://tdc.web.cern.ch/TDC/hptdc/docs/hptdc_manual_ver2.2.pdf/ [2018-12-13]
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Google Scholar
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[23] Wang F Y, Han D, Wang Y, et al. 2018 arXiv: 1805.02833 [physics.ins-det]
[24] Ritt S, 2008 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec Dresden, Germany, October 19-25 2008, p1512
[25] Guida R, Mandelli B, Rigoletti G 2019 The 15th Vienna Conference on Instrumentation Vienna, 21 February.
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Google Scholar
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