基于复合结构的气体电子倍增器增益模拟和实验研究

张余炼; 祁辉荣; 胡碧涛; 温志文; 王海云; 欧阳群; 陈元柏; 张建

doi:10.7498/aps.66.142901

摘要

气体电子倍增器（GEM）作为高性能的微结构气体探测器在高能物理相关领域内得到了广泛的研究和应用.其中增益是GEM探测器基本性能研究中的一个重要参数，该值的精确测量至关重要.增益的测量一般采用电流测量或者能谱测量方法，但均存在精度较低或者过程繁琐的问题，且无法精确测量低增益值.针对GEM探测器增益的精确测量，本文提出了一种由GEM探测器与微网结构气体探测器（MM）级联构成的复合结构探测器（GEM-MM）.利用GEM-MM结构以相对方法实现GEM增益的精确测量.该方法既可以省去传统方法中复杂的电子学标定过程，同时不需要进行原初电离电子数的估算，保证了增益的精确测量，并且可以实现GEM低增益的测量.基于GEM-MM测量GEM增益的原理，本文首先对GEM-MM电荷输运过程进行了模拟研究，优化了合适的工作电压.比较了三种不同类型和配比工作气体下GEM增益模拟结果，并在Ar/iC4H10（95/5）气体中测量了单层GEM在3-24范围内的有效增益.不同Penning系数下GEM增益的模拟结果表明，Penning系数为0.32时GEM增益的模拟结果与实验测量结果符合得很好.由此可以确定一个大气压下的Ar/iC4H10（95/5）气体中，Penning系数为0.32±0.01.

关键词:

Abstract

As one of the most popular micro pattern gaseous detectors, gas electron multiplier (GEM) has been extensively studied and applied in recent years. The studies of the detector gain measurement and simulation are important, especially on a low gain scale. Traditionally, the gain measurement is realized by measuring the current or the pulse height spectrum. The former needs complicated electronic chain calibration and the latter needs necessarily to calculate the primary electron number. In this paper, an alternative method to determine the effective gain of GEM is introduced. The GEM gain can be precisely achieved through a gaseous detector of hybrid structure which combines GEM with micro-mesh gaseous structure (MM). The hybrid structure is called GEM-MM for short. The GEM-MM detector consists of drift cathode, standard GEM foil, stainless steel micro mesh, and readout anode. In this detector, the space between the cathode and the GEM foil is called drift gap and the other space between the GEM foil and the mesh is named transfer gap. When the X-rays irradiate into the gas volume of GEM-MM, the primary ionization occurs in both regions. Photoelectrons in the drift gap transfer from the drift region to amplification sensitive areas of the GEM and the MM detector while those in the transfer region are only amplified by the MM detector. In the energy spectrum of 55Fe, there is a clear energy profile including two sets of peaks. The gain of GEM can be easily obtained from the energy spectrum. Meanwhile, detailed simulations are carried out with Garfield++ software package. Simulation of the electron transport parameters has been optimized. and the gains of GEM detector are also calculated for three different gas mixtures. Experimental results of the gains ranging from 3 to 24 are obtained. The gains of GEM under different working voltages are studied precisely from the spectrum measurements. The Penning transfer rate could reach 0.32±0.01 when the simulated value matches the measurement within 1σ error.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
兰州大学核科学与技术学院, 兰州 730000;

2.
核探测与核电子学国家重点实验室, 北京 100049;

3.
中国科学院高能物理研究所, 北京 100049;

4.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

通信作者: 祁辉荣, qihr@ihep.ac.cn;hubt@lzu.edu.cn ; 胡碧涛, qihr@ihep.ac.cn;hubt@lzu.edu.cn ;

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划“大科学装置前沿研究”重点专项（批准号：2016YFA0400400）、国家自然科学基金（批准号：11675197）和中国科学院高能物理研究所创新基金资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;

2.
State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing 100049, China;

3.
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;

4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Qi Hui-Rong, qihr@ihep.ac.cn;hubt@lzu.edu.cn ; Hu Bi-Tao, qihr@ihep.ac.cn;hubt@lzu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Programme for S&T Research and Development, China (Grant No. 2016YFA0400400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11675197), and the Innovation Fund of Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

参考文献

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[11]	Blum W, Rolandi L 1993 Particle Detection with Drift Chambers (Berlin: Springer) p125
[12]	Snäll J 2016 M. S. Thesis (Lund: Lund University)
[13]	Binks W 1954 Acta Radiologica 41 85
[14]	Benlloch J, Bressan A, Buttner C, Capeans M, Gruwe M, Hoch M, Labbe J C, Placci A, Ropelewski L, Sauli F, Sharma A, Veenhof R 1998 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 45 234
[15]	Bellazzini R, Brez A, Gariano G, Latronico L, Lumb N, Spandre G, Massai M M, Raffo R, Spezziga M A 1998 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 419 429
[16]	Charpak G, Derré J, Giomataris Y, Rebourgeard P 2002 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 478 26
[17]	Kane S, May J, Miyamoto J, Shipsey I 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 515 261
[18]	Schindler H, Veenhof R Garfield++, https://garfieldppwebcernch/garfieldpp/ [2016-10-04]
[19]	Geuzaine C, Remacle J F 2009 Int. J. Numer. Methods Engineer. 79 1309
[20]	CSC-IT Center for Science LTD, Elmer, https://wwwcscfi/web/elmer/elmer [2016-10-04]
[21]	Sahin Ö, Tapan I, Özmutlu E N, Veenhof R 2010 JINST 5 05002
[22]	Zerguerras T, Genolini B, Lepeltier V, Peyré J, Pouthas J, Rosier P 2009 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 608 397
[23]	Mir J A, Maia J M, Conceição A S, et al. 2008 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55 2334
[24]	Sahin Ö, Kowalski T Z, Veenhof R 2014 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 768 104
[25]	Xie Y G, Chen C, Wang M, L J G, Meng X C, Wang F, Gu S D, Guo Y N 2003 Nuclear Detector and Data Acquisition (Beijing: Science Press) p628 (in Chinese) [谢一冈, 陈昌, 王曼, 吕军光, 孟祥承, 王峰, 顾树棣, 过雅南 2003 粒子探测器与数据获取 (北京: 科学出版社) 第628 页]

施引文献

[1]	Sauli F 1997 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 386 531
[2]	Sauli F 2016 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 805 2
[3]	Ketzer B, Weitzel Q, Paul S, Sauli F, Ropelewski L 2004 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 535 314
[4]	Bressan A, de Oliveira R, Gandi A, Labbé J C 1999 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 425 254
[5]	Ketzer B 2013 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 732 237
[6]	Benlloch J M, Dokoutchaeva V, Malakhov N, Menzione A, Munar A 1998 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 419 410
[7]	Tsionou D 2017 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 845 309
[8]	Abbaneo D, Abbas M, Abbrescia M, et al. 2017 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 845 298
[9]	Lippmann C 2016 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 824 543
[10]	Giomataris Y, Rebourgeard Ph, Robert J, Charpak G 1996 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 376 29
[11]	Blum W, Rolandi L 1993 Particle Detection with Drift Chambers (Berlin: Springer) p125
[12]	Snäll J 2016 M. S. Thesis (Lund: Lund University)
[13]	Binks W 1954 Acta Radiologica 41 85
[14]	Benlloch J, Bressan A, Buttner C, Capeans M, Gruwe M, Hoch M, Labbe J C, Placci A, Ropelewski L, Sauli F, Sharma A, Veenhof R 1998 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 45 234
[15]	Bellazzini R, Brez A, Gariano G, Latronico L, Lumb N, Spandre G, Massai M M, Raffo R, Spezziga M A 1998 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 419 429
[16]	Charpak G, Derré J, Giomataris Y, Rebourgeard P 2002 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 478 26
[17]	Kane S, May J, Miyamoto J, Shipsey I 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 515 261
[18]	Schindler H, Veenhof R Garfield++, https://garfieldppwebcernch/garfieldpp/ [2016-10-04]
[19]	Geuzaine C, Remacle J F 2009 Int. J. Numer. Methods Engineer. 79 1309
[20]	CSC-IT Center for Science LTD, Elmer, https://wwwcscfi/web/elmer/elmer [2016-10-04]
[21]	Sahin Ö, Tapan I, Özmutlu E N, Veenhof R 2010 JINST 5 05002
[22]	Zerguerras T, Genolini B, Lepeltier V, Peyré J, Pouthas J, Rosier P 2009 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 608 397
[23]	Mir J A, Maia J M, Conceição A S, et al. 2008 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55 2334
[24]	Sahin Ö, Kowalski T Z, Veenhof R 2014 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 768 104
[25]	Xie Y G, Chen C, Wang M, L J G, Meng X C, Wang F, Gu S D, Guo Y N 2003 Nuclear Detector and Data Acquisition (Beijing: Science Press) p628 (in Chinese) [谢一冈, 陈昌, 王曼, 吕军光, 孟祥承, 王峰, 顾树棣, 过雅南 2003 粒子探测器与数据获取 (北京: 科学出版社) 第628 页]

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