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将Hoskins等提出的准地转Q矢量表达式推广到地转动量近似下的Q矢量表达式，并讨论了如何在天气图上用地转动量近似下的Q矢量表达式定性估计垂直运动方向的方法. 地转动量近似下的Q矢量与准地转Q矢量相比，表达式中多了与位势高度极值和风速极值相关的两项，分别将地转动量近似下的Q 矢量表达式中的每一项写成在天气图上便于判断的表达式. 结果表明，在天气图上可以通过以下三种方式定性判断垂直运动方向：一是当等高线呈波状槽脊形式及通过急流的入口和出口区时，使用地转动量近似下的Q矢量的第一项（即准地转Q 矢量）加以判断；二是当存在闭合气压系统且等高线与风向有交角时，使用地转动量近似下的Q 矢量的第二项加以判断；三是在急流核上 使用地转动量近似下的Q 矢量的第三项加以判断.In this paper, we extend the expression of quasi-geostrophic Q-vector brought forward by Hoskins et al. into the Q-vector equation under the condition of geostrophic momentum approximation, and discuss the method of how to quantitatively estimate vertical motion in synoptic charts with Q-vector expression under geostrophic momentum approximation. Compared with the expression of quasi-geostrophic Q-vector, the Q-vector expression under geostrophic momentum approximation has two more terms which are related to geopotential height extremum and wind velocity extremum. Then, each term of Q-vector under geostrophic momentum approximation is transformed into the expression which is conveniently judged in synoptic charts. The results show that to judge vertical motions in synoptic chart quantitatively, one of the three ways can be used: when contour line presents the form of wave-like trough-ridge and passes through the entrance and exit areas of jet stream, correspondingly use the 1st term of Q-vector under geostrophic momentum approximation (i.e., quasi-geostrophic Q-vector); when there exist a closed pressure system and an angle between contour line and wind velocity, correspondingly use the 2nd term of Q-vector under geostrophic momentum approximation; at the jet streak, correspondingly use the 3rd term of Q-vector under geostrophic momentum approximation.
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Keywords:
- quasi-geostrophic /
- geostrophic momentum approximation /
- Q-vector /
- jet streak
[1] Holton J R 2004 An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (New York: Elsevier Academic Press) pp140–173
[2] Yang D S, Liu Y B, Liu S K 1980 Dynamic Meteorology (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp194–204 (in Chinese) [杨大升, 刘余滨, 刘式适 1980 动力气象学 (北京: 气象出版社) 第194–204页]
[3] Tao Z Y, Zhou X G, Zheng Y G 2012 Adv. Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 2 6 (in Chinese) [陶祖钰, 周小刚, 郑永光 2012 气象科技进展 2 6]
[4] Wang X M, Zhou X G, Tao Z Y, Yu X D 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 029201 (in Chinese) [王秀明, 周小刚, 陶祖钰, 俞小鼎 2013 62 029201]
[5] Zhou X G, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2013 Meteorology 39 401 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2013 气象 39 401]
[6] Zhou X G, Liu S J, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 059201 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 柳士俊, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2011 60 059201]
[7] Dunn L B 1991 Weather Forecast. 6 65
[8] Ding Y H 1989 Diagnosis Method of Weather Dynamics (Beijing: Science Press) pp92–94 (in Chinese) [丁一汇 1989 天气动力学中的诊断分析方法 (北京: 科学出版社) 第92–94页]
[9] Sanders F, Hoskins B J 1990 Weather Forecast. 5 346
[10] Jusem J C, Atlas R 1998 Mon. Weather Rev. 126 2166
[11] Keyser D, Schmidt B D, Duffy D G 1992 Mon. Weather Rev. 120 731
[12] Jones R D 1991 J. Atmos. Sci. 48 497
[13] Xu Q 1992 J. Atmos. Sci. 49 981
[14] Zhou X G, Liu S J, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2011 Chin. J. Geophys. 54 2495 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 柳士俊, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2011 地球 54 2495]
[15] Zhang X W 1999 J. Trop. Meteorol. 15 162 (in Chinese) [张兴旺 1999 热带气象学报 15 162]
[16] Trenberth K E 1978 Mon. Weather Rev. 106 131
[17] Hoskins B J, Dagbici I, Darics H C 1978 Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 104 31
[18] Yao X P, Yu Y B 2000 Acta Meteorol. Sin. 58 436 (in Chinese) [姚秀萍, 于玉斌 2000 气象学报 58 436]
[19] Peng C H, Hong G P, Hu B W 1999 Acta Meteorol. Sin. 57 483 (in Chinese) [彭春华, 洪国平, 胡伯威 1999 气象学报 57 483]
[20] Wang J, Ikeda M 1997 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27 1158
[21] Ye D Z, Li M C 1965 The Adaptation Problem in Atmospheric Motion (Beijing: Science Press) pp91, 92 (in Chinese) [叶笃正, 李麦村 1965 大气运动中的适应问题 (北京: 科学出版社) 第91, 92页]
[22] Wu R S 2002 Atmospheric Dynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp141–146 (in Chinese) [伍荣生 2002 大气动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第141–146页]
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[1] Holton J R 2004 An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (New York: Elsevier Academic Press) pp140–173
[2] Yang D S, Liu Y B, Liu S K 1980 Dynamic Meteorology (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp194–204 (in Chinese) [杨大升, 刘余滨, 刘式适 1980 动力气象学 (北京: 气象出版社) 第194–204页]
[3] Tao Z Y, Zhou X G, Zheng Y G 2012 Adv. Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 2 6 (in Chinese) [陶祖钰, 周小刚, 郑永光 2012 气象科技进展 2 6]
[4] Wang X M, Zhou X G, Tao Z Y, Yu X D 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 029201 (in Chinese) [王秀明, 周小刚, 陶祖钰, 俞小鼎 2013 62 029201]
[5] Zhou X G, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2013 Meteorology 39 401 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2013 气象 39 401]
[6] Zhou X G, Liu S J, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 059201 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 柳士俊, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2011 60 059201]
[7] Dunn L B 1991 Weather Forecast. 6 65
[8] Ding Y H 1989 Diagnosis Method of Weather Dynamics (Beijing: Science Press) pp92–94 (in Chinese) [丁一汇 1989 天气动力学中的诊断分析方法 (北京: 科学出版社) 第92–94页]
[9] Sanders F, Hoskins B J 1990 Weather Forecast. 5 346
[10] Jusem J C, Atlas R 1998 Mon. Weather Rev. 126 2166
[11] Keyser D, Schmidt B D, Duffy D G 1992 Mon. Weather Rev. 120 731
[12] Jones R D 1991 J. Atmos. Sci. 48 497
[13] Xu Q 1992 J. Atmos. Sci. 49 981
[14] Zhou X G, Liu S J, Wang X M, Tao Z Y 2011 Chin. J. Geophys. 54 2495 (in Chinese) [周小刚, 柳士俊, 王秀明, 陶祖钰 2011 地球 54 2495]
[15] Zhang X W 1999 J. Trop. Meteorol. 15 162 (in Chinese) [张兴旺 1999 热带气象学报 15 162]
[16] Trenberth K E 1978 Mon. Weather Rev. 106 131
[17] Hoskins B J, Dagbici I, Darics H C 1978 Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 104 31
[18] Yao X P, Yu Y B 2000 Acta Meteorol. Sin. 58 436 (in Chinese) [姚秀萍, 于玉斌 2000 气象学报 58 436]
[19] Peng C H, Hong G P, Hu B W 1999 Acta Meteorol. Sin. 57 483 (in Chinese) [彭春华, 洪国平, 胡伯威 1999 气象学报 57 483]
[20] Wang J, Ikeda M 1997 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27 1158
[21] Ye D Z, Li M C 1965 The Adaptation Problem in Atmospheric Motion (Beijing: Science Press) pp91, 92 (in Chinese) [叶笃正, 李麦村 1965 大气运动中的适应问题 (北京: 科学出版社) 第91, 92页]
[22] Wu R S 2002 Atmospheric Dynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp141–146 (in Chinese) [伍荣生 2002 大气动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第141–146页]
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