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This research adopts an innovative method, i.e. proton irradiation technology, for realizing defect control in practical engineering yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) tapes, in order to improve the critical current density of YBCO high-temperature superconducting tapes in high magnetic fields. Based on the material irradiation terminal of the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator at Peking University, systematic irradiation experiments are conducted using 3 MeV proton beams on YBCO superconducting tapes at different fluence rates, successfully constructing high-density, low-dimensional controllable artificial pinning centers in the high superconducting tapes. This defect engineering significantly suppresses the flux creep phenomenon and enhances the pinning effect by creating low-energy pinning sites for flux lines, thereby significantly weakening the inhibitory effect of external magnetic fields on critical current (Ic). Comparative analysis of superconducting tapes before and after irradiation is conducted, including superconducting transition temperature, superconducting critical performance, and dependence of critical current density on magnetic field. As the irradiation dose increases, high-density point defects (vacancies, interstitial atoms, etc.) and a small number of vacancy clusters are implanted inside the superconducting tape, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the superconducting phase. Therefore, as the dose increases, the orderliness of the superconducting phase in the superconducting tape decreases sharply, leading to a gradual widening of the superconducting transition temperature zone. By measuring the hysteresis loops of samples irradiated with different doses of protons and calculating the critical current density Jc based on the Bean model, the experimental data show that under irradiation conditions with a fluence rate of 8×1016 P/cm2, the critical current of the sample under extreme operating conditions of 4.2 K and 6.5 T achieves an 8-fold breakthrough improvement. Meanwhile, the maximum improvement factors in critical current density at 20 K and 5 T and 30 K and 4 T are also 5.5 times and 4.8 times, respectively. The logarithmic curve is fitted using the Jc ∝ B-α power exponent model, with the power parameter α values of 0.276, 0.361, and 0.397 for the variation of critical current density with magnetic field in three temperature ranges of 4.2 K, 20 K, and 30 K, respectively. This indicates that the superconducting tape irradiated with protons will form more effective strong pinning centers at lower temperatures, reducing the dependence of the critical current density of the superconducting tape on the magnetic field. This performance breakthrough significantly enhances the application potential of high superconducting tapes in low-temperature and high magnetic fields environments, especially in frontier fields such as particle accelerators and fusion reactors, where there is an urgent demand for high-performance superconducting magnets. This work confirms that the proton irradiation technology can efficiently optimize critical performance through defect engineering without changing the existing preparation process of YBCO tapes, thereby providing a highly feasible and process-compatible technical path for realizing the practical performance control of superconducting materials.
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Keywords:
- YBCO /
- proton irradiation /
- pinning centers /
- critical current density
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图 1 超导带材结构示意图
Figure 1. Structure of high-temperature superconducting tape.
图 2 H+在Ag和YBCO中的射程
Figure 2. Range of H+ in Ag and YBCO.
图 3 5种不同辐照注量下样品中引入离位损伤
Figure 3. Simulated displacement damage by H+ ion irradiation at five different doses.
图 5 超导带材辐照实验 (a) 八面体旋转靶; (b) 束流积分仪
Figure 5. Irradiation experiment of superconducting tape: (a) Octagonal rotating target; (b) beam integrator.
图 6 不同注量下YBCO高温超导带材的超导转变温度曲线
Figure 6. Superconducting transition temperature curve of YBCO high temperature superconducting tapes at different doses.
图 7 不同温区不同注量下超导带材临界电流密度随磁场的变化
Figure 7. Variation of the critical current density of superconducting tapes with magnetic fields under different temperature zones and magnetic fields.
图 8 (a)—(c) 分别为4.2 K, 20 K, 30 K温度环境下不同注量的超导带材提升因子随磁场的变化; (d) 注量为8×1016 p/cm2时, 不同温度的超导带材提升因子随磁场的变化
Figure 8. (a)–(c) Enhancement factor of superconducting tapes with different flux levels under magnetic fields at temperatures of 4.2 K, 20 K, and 30 K, respectively; (d) enhancement factor of superconducting tapes at different temperatures with the magnetic field at a flux of 8 × 1016 p/cm2.
图 9 不同温度下对数坐标下临界电流密度随磁场的变化
Figure 9. Critical current density of high-temperture superconducting tape with magnetic field at different temperatures on logarithmic coordinates.
表 1 不同离子、能量、注量对REBCO的临界电流性能的提升
Table 1. Enhancement of the critical current density of REBCO by different ions, energies, and fluence.
离子
种类能量/
MeV流强/
nA注量/
(ions·cm–2)Jc 备注 Au 18 120 6×1011 ↑2.5 27 K@3 T He 2.5 200 3×1015 ↑1.8 10 K@7 T Ar 2.5 120 5×1011 ↑2.2 10 K@7 T Ta 1900 — 5×1011 ↑4.4 10 K@7 T 
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表 2 超导带材辐照注量
Table 2. Irradiation fluence of superconducting tape.
离子种类 样品 能量/MeV 流强/nA 注量/(p·cm–2) H 超导带材 3 1000 1×1015 5×1015 1×1016 5×1016 8×1016
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