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纳秒激光与金属材料相互作用涉及多个复杂物理过程，构建能够统一描述各阶段的自洽模型是当前研究的重点。本文以纯铁为研究对象，建立了一个涵盖激光能量沉积、固液相变、气液界面动理学输运、等离子体膨胀电离、组分扩散、热/粘性输运与光谱辐射的多物理场耦合模型。采用隐式紧致差分与Mac-Cormack显式格式对纯铁烧蚀动力学进行分区数值求解。计算结果揭示了等离子体屏蔽效应的产生及其对蒸发过程的抑制作用；明确了早期蒸发产物以声速逃离努森层、蒸汽质量占总烧蚀质量的81.6%。研究再现了等离子体羽流从高温高电离态(Fe3+主导)向低温中性原子(Fe0主导)演化的全过程，以及光谱从“连续谱强、离子线主导”到“原子线凸显并出现自吸收”的动态转变。通过与实验测量光谱以及PrismSPECT、NIST LIBS程序计算结果的定量对比，验证了全链条自洽建模在预测等离子体辐射特性方面的必要性，为激光加工、光谱分析等应用提供了一种可靠的数值模拟工具。The interaction of nanosecond laser pulses with metallic materials involves multiple complex physical processes, and constructing a self-consistent model capable of uniformly describing all stages remains a significant challenge. This work establishes a multi-physics coupled model for pure iron, encompassing laser energy deposition, solid-liquid phase transition, gas-liquid interfacial kinetic transport, plasma expansion and ionization, and spectral radiation. The numerical solution employs a partitioned approach, utilizing an implicit compact difference scheme for the target region and a Mac-Cormack explicit scheme for the ambient atmosphere, to simulate the ablation dynamics.
The simulations elucidate the emergence of plasma shielding and its inhibitory effect on the evaporation process. They confirm that the early-stage ablation products are primarily transported via a supersonic expansion mode, which accounts for 81.6% of the total ablated mass transfer. The model successfully captures the complete evolution of the plasma plume from a high-temperature, highly ionized state (dominated by Fe3+) to a low-temperature, neutral atomic state (dominated by Fe0). Based on this, spectral calculations demonstrate the dynamic evolution of radiative characteristics from an early stage featuring a “strong continuum background dominated by ion lines” to a later stage where “the continuum attenuates, atomic lines become prominent, and self-absorption appears”. The emergence of self-absorption proves the model’s capability to effectively capture the optical thickness effects arising from spatial inhomogeneity within the plasma.
Through systematic comparison with experimentally measured spectra and calculated results from the PrismSPECT and NIST LIBS spectral programs, the model presented here achieved the highest comprehensive scores in quantitative evaluations across multiple channels. This validates the necessity and superiority of the full-chain self-consistent modeling approach over traditional methods relying on spatial averaging or the optically thin approximation, particularly in describing plasma inhomogeneity and radiation transport. It also provides a numerical simulation framework for applications such as laser processing parameter optimization, quantitative spectroscopic analysis, and the design of novel plasma light sources.-
Keywords:
- Multi-physics field coupling simulation /
- Laser ablation /
- Plasma spectroscopy /
- Radiation transport
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