Quantum battery is a new energy storage concept designed based on the principles of quantum mechanics, with the aim of overcoming the physical limitations of traditional electrochemical batteries in terms of energy density, charging speed, and efficiency. This review systematically summarizes recent theoretical and experimental progress in the field, focusing on the underlying theoretical framework and the core physical mechanisms that govern energy storage, transport, and extraction. Central attention is paid to the essential roles of quantum coherence and entanglement in enhancing charging performance and enabling collective phenomena. The thermodynamic foundations of quantum batteries are introduced, including stored energy, ergotropy, capacity, power, and energy fluctuations. This review then delves into the structural characteristics and charging behaviors of several representative quantum battery models, including light-matter interaction batteries based on the Tavis-Cummings or Dicke framework, spin-chain batteries with various types of interactions, high-dimensional (three-level and multi-level) batteries using adiabatic and shortcut-to-adiabatic control, and Rydberg-atom-based batteries featuring switchable strong long-range interactions. For each model, the influences of initial states, coupling strength, system size, and excitation distribution on charging dynamics, capacity, and power scaling are systematically discussed. Furthermore, key challenges faced by quantum many-body battery models in realistic environments are reviewed, with a particular focus on their open-system characteristics. We summarize recent advances in understanding how decoherence, dissipation, and environmental noise degrade battery performance, while highlighting how non-Markovian memory effects can stabilize energy flow or partially restore lost coherence. Measurement-based feedback control, dissipative engineering, and decoherence-free subspace techniques are introduced as promising strategies to suppress decoherence, mitigate self-discharge, and extend battery lifetime. The potential quantum advantages in self-discharge suppression, energy retention, and anti-aging mechanisms are also examined. Finally, the review explores feasible implementation routes toward long-distance or wireless quantum charging, and surveys experimental platforms capable of realizing quantum batteries, including superconducting circuits, trapped ions, cavity-QED systems, optomechanical devices, and Rydberg arrays. Overall, quantum battery research is undergoing rapid expansion, and its progress not only promises transformative innovations in next-generation energy storage technologies, but also provides a powerful experimental platform for advancing quantum thermodynamics, quantum resource theory, and the physics of nonequilibrium quantum systems.