With the rise of graphene, two-dimensional nanomaterials have been significantly developed in recent years. As novel two-dimensional nanostructures, borophene and alkaline-earth metal boride two-dimensional materials have received much attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high Fermi velocities, high electron mobilities, large Young's moduli, high transparencies, negative Poisson's ratios and high chemical stabilities. This paper focuses on the researches of the fabrication techniques, structure configurations, properties and applications of borophene and two-dimensional alkaline-earth metal boride nanomaterials. Firstly, the current preparation methods and structure configurations of borophene are summarized. Secondly, the possible structures and fabrication techniques of two-dimensional alkaline-earth metal boride nanomaterials are introduced in detail. Thirdly, the physical properties of borophene and two-dimensional alkaline-earth metal boride nanomaterials are investigated. Finally, the most promising application areas of borophene and two-dimensional alkaline-earth metal boride nanomaterials in the future are predicted.